The effects of compost in a rice–wheat cropping system on aggregate size,carbon and nitrogen content of the size–density fraction and chemical composition of soil organic matter,as shown by 13C CP NMR spectroscopy

We investigated whether the long‐term application of compost from agricultural waste improved soil physical structure, fertility and soil organic matter (SOM) storage. In 2006, we began a long‐term field experiment based on a rice–wheat rotation cropping system, having a control without fertilizer (NF) and three treatments: chemical fertilizers (CF), pig manure compost (PMC) and a prilled mixture of PMC and inorganic fertilizers (OICF). Following the harvest of wheat in 2010, the mean‐weight diameter (MWD) of water‐stable aggregates and the concentration of C and N in bulk soil (0–20 cm; <2 mm fraction) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in PMC and NF plots than in CF or OICF plots. Pig manure compost significantly increased the proportion of >5‐mm aggregates, whereas CF significantly increased the proportion of 0.45‐ to 1‐mm aggregates. The C and N contents of all density fractions were greater in PMC than in other treatments with levels decreasing in the following order: free particulate organic matter (fPOM) >occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) > mineral‐combined SOM (mineral–SOM). Solid‐state ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra showed that alkyl C/O‐alkyl C ratios and aromatic component levels of SOM were smaller in PMC and OICF plots than in CF plots, suggesting that SOM in PMC and OICF plots was less degraded than that in CF plots. Nevertheless, yields of wheat in PMC and NF plots were smaller than those in CF and OICF plots, indicating that conditions for producing large grain yields did not maintain soil fertility.     

一维Theta-神经元网络中细胞耦合作用时间对细胞放电行为的影响

通过对一维Theta-神经元网络中细胞耦合作用时间的讨论,得到较长时间的耦合作用时间会使网络中单放电行波变为多放电行波,并通过数值模拟对理论加以验证.     

牛粪堆肥过程中nosZ型反硝化细菌动态变化

采用高通量测序技术,研究牛粪堆肥过程中不同时期与不同深度的nosZ型反硝化细菌群落组成的动态变化与多样性,并通过冗余分析(Redundancy analysis, RDA)和Spearman相关性分析,揭示了堆肥过程中nosZ型反硝化细菌与理化指标之间的相关关系。结果表明,堆肥不同时期nosZ型反硝化细菌群落结构差异显著,反硝化细菌群落多样性和丰富度均呈先降低后升高的趋势,在堆肥降温期不同深度的反硝化细菌群落结构和多样性指数差异显著。此外,理化因素显著影响堆肥反硝化菌群的群落结构与多样性,螯台球菌属(Chelatococcus)与温度呈极显著正相关(P0.01),Polymorphum与硝态氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01),生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)与含水率和C/N呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。反硝化细菌的多样性与温度、pH、氨态氮呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与硝态氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。反硝化细菌的丰富度与温度呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。综上所述,堆肥时间和深度均为影响nosZ型反硝化细菌群落结构的重要因素,且该菌群群落结构变化受理化因子的显著影响。     

添加麦秸对鸡粪堆肥过程中氮素减排及细菌群落的影响

好氧堆肥是实现鸡粪资源化利用最主要的技术手段,然而在堆肥过程中氮素损失较为严重,既降低肥效又引起严重的污染。本文以纯鸡粪堆肥为对照,利用麦秸将鸡粪堆肥的C/N调节至15,分析了堆肥过程材料中理化性质、氮素转化和微生物群落变化,探讨了减少堆肥氮素损失的技术与机理。结果显示,加入麦秸后堆肥高温持续时间达到23 d,比对照延长了9 d,pH较对照组明显降低,氮素损失降低了39.67%。硝态氮含量达到281.99 mg·kg^-1,比对照增加了68.75%。微生物群落趋于稳定,具有硝化功能的细菌o＿＿Staphylococcales、o＿＿Brachybacterium、f＿＿Staphylococcaceae、g＿＿Staphylococcus、g＿＿Salinicoccus相对丰度比对照分别增加了88.45%、96.39%、88.45%、96.08%、79.20%,有利于堆体氮素保留和转化。试验结果表明,加入麦秸秆之后影响了鸡粪堆肥的细菌群落结构,增加了具有硝化功能的细菌丰度,从而减少了堆体氮素的损失。     

Comparative activity of Choristoneura fumiferana nucleopolyhedrovirus propagated in different hosts

The biological activity of the Ireland strain of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem) nucleopolyhedrovirus (CfMNPV) propagated in different hosts was determined to provide the basis upon which genetically modified CfMNPV, or other naturally occurring isolates, should be compared. Occlusion bodies (OB) derived from CF-203 cells were significantly larger and more pathogenic than those propagated in vivo when tested against the fifth larval instar of C fumiferana (Clem) and C occidentalis Freeman. The dose-responses (LD50 and LD95, expressed as occlusion bodies per larva) of C fumiferana larvae to in vitro-propagated OBs were 274 and 5785, respectively. The values of LD50 and LD95 to C occidentalis larvae were 19 and 118, respectively. There were no significant differences in pathogenicity or size when OBs propagated in C fumiferana larvae were tested against either insect species, nor were there significant differences for OBs propagated in C occidentalis larvae. The LD50 and LD95 of in vivo-produced OBs to C fumiferana were 925 and 61988, respectively. The LD50 and LD95 to C occidentalis were 50 and 453, respectively. OBs propagated in vitro had a mean volume of 13.13 microm3, whereas those propagated in vivo ranged from 0.84 to 1.41 microm3. The median survival time-responses (ST50) of fifth-instar C fumiferana or C occidentalis larvae to OBs propagated in vivo were not significantly different from those propagated in vitro at the dosage levels tested. Values of ST50 of C fumiferana larvae to in vitro- and in vivo-produced OBs at dosages causing less than 50% mortality rangedfrom 9.6 to 9.8 days post-inoculation (dpi), whereas a LD95 dose resulted in ST50 values ranging from 7.3 to 7.7 days. ST50 values of C occidentalis larvae at dosages causing less than 50% mortality ranged from 9.8 to 10.2 dpi, whereas a LD95 dose resulted in ST50 values ranging from 9.5 to 9.8 dpi. The median feeding cessation time-response (FT50) of fifth-instar C fumiferana larvae to OBs propagated in vitro (5.7 days) was not significantly different from the FT50 of those propagated in vivo in either insect species (5.3 and 5.7 days) at the dosage level tested (LD95). No significant differences in FT50 values were observed between OBs propagated in either larval host. The FT50 of C occidentalis larvae to OBs propagated in vitro (7.7 days) was not significantly different from that to those propagated in vivo in C occidentalis larvae (7.6days), but somewhat different (7.2 days) from that to those propagated in C fumiferana larvae. Results indicate that CfMNPV can be propagated in vivo in either C fumiferana or C occidentalis larvae (or sequentially through both) without alteration in infectivity, although the use of the CF-203 cell line yields the most biologically active OBs.     

圈养秦岭羚牛夏季昼间活动时间分配研究

为了对秦岭羚牛进行有效的迁地保护和揭示圈养条件下秦岭羚羊的夏季昼间的时间分配状况,更好地加强饲养管理,2006年7月,在陕西省珍稀野生动物抢救饲养研究中心内采用瞬时扫描取样法对13头圈养秦岭羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi)的活动规律进行了观察。结果表明,夏季白昼羚牛的活动以休息为主,采食次之,同时,羚牛的饮水、排尿、排便量均较低,分别为每头每天1.92次、0.54次、0.92次。羚牛每天的活动节律与气温的变化相关。年龄对羚牛活动节律的影响主要表现在羚牛的活动节律和时间分配方面的差异。此外,从羚牛群体进行观察,同一群中的羚牛个体的活动具有不完全同步性。     

基于水经注探讨乌兰布和沙漠景观形成问题

根据北魏时期郦道元地理名著《水经注》中关于乌兰布和段黄河故道及其与黄河沿岸古城的位置关系,修正了有关现在黄河河道来源、沃野故城被黄河改道冲毁等论断,并从沙源与沙漠内涵、地表大面积流沙裸露堆积形成沙漠景观以及《水经注》中没有记录乌兰布和段沙漠景观等方面探讨了在乌兰布和沙漠景观的形成时间问题。     

烘丝温度和时间对生丝机械性能的影响

从刚落下的丝片上摇取小绞丝,分别在25—180℃和30、60、90min下进行干热处理后,测定其机械性能。结果表明:在90—100℃、30—60分钟时,生丝的强伸力、初始模量以及抱合等机械性能都较好,烘丝温度太高,时间太长都会对生丝机械性能产生不良的影响。     

不同种源美国黄松苗期生长差异分析

运用MATLAB软件对7个种源的美国黄松及油松苗期苗高、地径和根、茎、叶干物质积累量差异进行了比较分析，结果表明：2年生油松的苗高生长量与各种源美国黄松的苗高生长量间存在显著或极显著差异，且油松的苗高生长量最大；美国黄松V号(Black Hill)种源苗木的地径生长量、叶、茎、根干重积累量与油松和其它种源美国黄松苗的各项指标间存在显著或极显著差异，且美国黄松V号(Black Hill)种源苗木的地径生长量及其叶、茎、根干重积累量均最大。综合各种源苗木的生长表现及其原产地的自然条件，提出了适于黄土高原不同气候区的引种地。     

长呼原油管道保温与不保温方案比选

基于长庆油田一呼和浩特石化原油管道工程项目沿线地形地貌和管输原油物性,依据相关标准,讨论了保温方案和不保温方案在设计参数、安全停输时间、经济投资等方面的差异.结果表明:相同管径下不保温方案的管道传热系数约为保温方案的2～3倍,加热油耗约为保温方案的2倍,安全停输时间比保温方案缩短15.5 h,同时总体投资比保温方案高出1 742×104元,费用现值比保温方案高出3.6×108元.因此该管道工程项目推荐采用保温方案,以减少热站数量和运行人员设置,降低运行管理费用.(表4,图4,参2)