Characterization and partial purification of a bacteriocin‐like substance produced by thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis H1 isolated from cow manure compost

The production and partial characterization of bacteriocin‐like substances (BLSs) produced by bacteria isolated from cow manure compost were investigated. Eight BLS producers, which exhibited inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria, were isolated from cow manure compost at different stages of the composting process. The pile temperature ranged from 9.1°C to 73.2°C. The BLSs showed thermostability, but the BLS producers were not thermostable except for the H1 producer. Thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis H1 was further characterized. The culture supernatant of B. licheniformis H1 exhibited antagonistic activity against various species of Gram‐positive bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19111 but not against Gram‐negative bacteria except Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC11251. Inactivation of bacteriocin‐like activity by α‐chymotrypsin, trypsin, and papain was highly significant (P < 0.001). The BLS was found to be stable under a pH range from 3 to 9 and at temperatures up to 75°C for 60 min, but it lost activity after being autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. The optimum production of BLS by B. licheniformis H1 was obtained at a temperature of 55°C. Sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacrylamide electrophoresis analysis of concentrated partially purified supernatants collected after resting the bacterial cells at 55°C revealed a bacteriocin‐like protein with a molecular mass of approximately 3.5 kDa. This study is the first report of a BLS from thermophilic B. licheniformis with an animal compost origin.     

DETERMINATION OF T1 RELAXATION TIME OF NORMAL EQUINE TENDONS USING MAGIC ANGLE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Seven isolated equine front limbs were used to establish the normal T1 relaxation time of equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), and suspensory ligament (SL) using magic angle magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MR imaging of the metacarpi was performed with the limbs positioned at 55° (the magic angle) relative to the main magnetic field. Transverse spin‐echo proton density and inversion recovery images were acquired. T1 relaxation time was calculated based on ratios of signal intensity determined from the different pulse sequences. T1 relaxation times for SDFT, DDFT, and SL were 288 (±17), 244 (±14), and 349 (±16) ms, respectively. The difference in T1 values between SDFT, DDFT, and SL was statistically significant. T1 values of equine tendons can be determined with magic angle imaging on a clinical MR system using <10 min total scan time. The knowledge of the normal range of T1 values may be useful to identify horses with chronic tendinopathy, where based on the human literature, an increased T1 value may be expected.     

‘金艳’猕猴桃果实生长规律及不同采收期对其品质的影响

以‘金艳’猕猴桃为材料,研究其果实生长动态规律及不同采收期(谢花后153 d、168 d、183 d和198 d)(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)的软果品质。结果表明：金艳猕猴桃在凉山州西昌市一般4月中旬进入盛花期;在生育期内,果实尺寸(纵、横径)呈前期逐渐增大,后期趋于平稳的变化,谢花后59 d内为果实快速膨大期,谢花后101 d进入生长缓滞期;随采收期延迟,果实软熟时可溶性固形物、干物质和糖酸比呈逐渐升高的趋势;早期采收(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)果实软熟时可溶性固形物、干物质、糖酸比和总氨基酸偏低,淀粉和粗纤维较高;晚期采收(Ⅲ、Ⅳ期)果实软熟时可溶性固形物、干物质、糖酸比较高,淀粉和粗纤维较低,风味更浓,口感更佳;Ⅳ期维生素C和总氨基酸含量最高,但采收较晚不利于当年鲜果销售;若作为鲜果,其最佳采收期为Ⅲ期,Ⅱ期和Ⅳ期可作为备选采收期;作为保健品加工原料,最佳采收期为Ⅳ期。     

无糖奶啤的研制

奶啤是以鲜牛乳、麦芽、酒花为主要原料,利用二次生物发酵技术酿制的一种高附加值,低醇的高级乳制饮品。目前国内奶啤蔗糖含量高,市场上还没有无糖奶啤的产品,为了丰富奶啤的种类,本试验用木糖醇作为蔗糖替代品,研制出一款无糖的特色奶啤。在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面优化无糖奶啤的配方及工艺。结果表明,小麦料液比为1∶5（kg/L）,将麦芽料液进行糖化、过滤,投入0.2 g/L卡斯卡特啤酒花煮沸30 min,添加0.2 g/L捷克萨兹啤酒花煮沸45 min后,接入0.2%的艾尔酵母,20 ℃的条件下发酵5 天,然后与发酵乳（5∶1）混合,在28 ℃下后酵10 h后过滤,加入1‰的三氯蔗糖、5%木糖醇、0.3%复配乳化增稠剂,20 Mpa均质两次,灭菌后得到成品。在此工艺条件下,得到的无糖奶啤感官评分较高,酒香和乳香和谐一体,风味饱满。     

Predicting the Dairy Cow Somatic Cell Number of Ningxia Area Based on ARIMA Model

Through dairy herd improvement (DHI) data analysis to predict somatic cell count (SCC) of Ningxia area in time, which providing a reference for the prevention and treatment of mastitis in dairy cows, making the DHI data more effective and timely in guiding the dairy industry production. Using the difference method to make the average cow somatic cell data form September 2011 to February 2016 stabled, then used the seasonal ARIMA model to analysis, fitting and forecasting data. The auto.arima function of R software had been used to calculate the optimal time series that finally confirmed the model was ARIMA (1,1,0)(1,1,0)_[12], AIC was -3.67. The Acf test showed that the residual had no significant autocorrelation; Ljung-Box test showed that all P-value>0.5, indicating that the residual was white noise, and this model could be used to make predication for the next 24 months. The forecast function of the R software was used to predict the dairy cows SCC from March 2016 to February 2017, and the forecast map was drawn. The predicted results showed that the SCC of the entire Ningxia area were showing a downward trend. The SCC would be the least in January 2017,and the predictive value was about 253 100 per mL. It would be the largest in March 2016, was about 439 600 per mL. The results also showed that the dairy cows SCC in Ningxia was higher than the critical value of 20 million of subclinical mastitis. It suggested that the prevention and treatment of dairy cow mastitis need to be strengthened in Ningxia area. At the same time, if the data of the dairy cows SCC was added in timely, the data model should be updated to make it more close to the true value, which would be more meaningful to the actual instruction.     

不同采收期对余甘果实品质和耐贮性的影响

以福建余甘主栽品种‘粉甘’果实为材料,研究不同采收期对余甘果实品质和耐贮性的影响。结果表明：随着采收期的延迟和果实成熟度的提高,余甘果皮颜色由青绿色逐渐变成黄绿色,果核颜色由深绿色变成棕褐色,果实重量和大小逐渐增加,果实可食率和营养品质提高。可用果实重量和大小、果形指数、果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C含量、果实可食率作为确定余甘果实采收成熟度的参数。同时,不同采收期对余甘果实的耐贮性影响不同,盛花期后179 d采收的果实耐贮性最好,在常温25±1℃下贮藏16 d后,好果率为91%,失重率为3.51%。     

钙结合蛋白(CaBP)对牛黄成核时间与核生长的影响

为了解钙结合蛋白(CaBP)在牛黄形成中的作用,将正常牛胆汁分为6组,Ⅰ组为对照组,不加入CaBP,其余5组为试验组,均加入CaBP(CaBP提自健康牛胆汁);试验组额外加入CaBP的浓度分别为5%、10%、15%、20%、25%.然后,进行成黄试验,观察不同浓度的CaBP对牛黄核形成时间、形成数量及其可视表面积的变化.与此同时,检测胆汁中主要成黄物质的含量变化.结果表明,CaBP对牛黄成核时间有较明显的促进作用,而对牛黄核的数量和可视表面积无明显影响;当添加CaBP浓度大于10%时,使胆汁中总蛋白和Ca~(2+)浓度降低,但对总胆红素含量无明显影响.     

Mean retention time of digesta in the different segments of the equine hindgut

Six Thoroughbred horses were used to determine the mean retention time (MRT) of digesta in the different segments of the hindgut. The horses were fed timothy hay or silage in equal amounts (1.6% bodyweight [BW]/day) every 3 h/day. Hay or silage labeled with the rare earth elements cerium, dysprosium, neodymium, ytterbium, lanthanum, samarium and praseodymium, were fed to the horses 36, 30, 24, 18, 12, 6 and 3 h before slaughter, respectively. Just after slaughter, digesta samples in the different segments were collected and determined for the contents of the rare earth elements. Using these data, a method to calculate the MRT in the different segments was proposed. There were no significant differences between diets in the MRT of each segment. The averaged MRT of hay and silage in the cecum, right ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon and small colon was 2.9, 3.1, 5.9, 1.0, 4.0, and 4.0 h, respectively. The dry matter weight of the digesta was related to the MRT in the right ventral colon (r = 0.94, P = 0.005), left ventral colon (r = 0.87, P = 0.03), left dorsal colon (r = 0.98, P < 0.001) and right dorsal colon (r = 0.95, P = 0.004), but it was not related to the MRT in the cecum and small colon.     

餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中水解酶活性变化的研究

为了研究餐厨垃圾在静态强制通风条件下堆腐过程的矿质化进度和强度。以小麦秸秆作为膨松剂,比较了不同C/N比（20,25,30）条件下餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中各个阶段纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶4种水解酶活性的变化情况。结果表明,不同C/N比处理的温度变化趋势基本相同,40℃以上高温期持续达10天左右。25C/N和30C/N堆肥条件下的纤维素酶活整体比20C/N要高,酶活高峰期出现滞后于温度高峰期;不同C/N条件下,蔗糖酶活性变化趋势基本相似,酶活高峰期与温度高峰期同步;30C/N条件下的脲酶活性峰值出现早于20C/N和25C/N,最终脲酶活性下降到比堆肥初期还要低的程度;高温对蛋白酶活性有抑制作用,25C/N条件下蛋白酶活性峰值出现晚于其他2个处理。从试验结果可以看出,不同营养条件下同类酶活性的变化趋势表现出一定的差异,与堆肥过程中有机物质的转化密切相关,可以作为判断堆肥腐熟度的因素之一。