草莓采后热处理保鲜效应研究

草莓采后热处理保鲜效应研究张子德，马俊莲（河北农业大学食品系，保定０７１００１）关键词草萄，热处理，保鲜分类号Ｓ６６８．４Ｓ６０９．３近年来，热处理做为无公害保鲜水果的一种方法已引起人们的普遍关注。据报道，热处理后果实的呼吸作用下降”‘，延迟跃变型果...     

Effect of presowing seed treatments on germination and early seedling growth of wheat varieties under saline conditions

The effect of presowing wheat seed treatments was investigated for the salt-sensitive variety Blue Silver and relatively salt-tolerant variety PARI-73 at the germination and early seedling stages. Seeds were treated with distilled water (DW) or 10/50 mm KCl, KNO₃ , CaCl₂, Ca(NO₃)₂ and then germinated in DW or 200 mm NaCl. Treatment with calcium (Ca) or potassium (K) did not lead to a significantly higher rate for final germination than the DW treatment. Ca salt treatments significantly improved shoot growth during the early seedling establishment stage in both varieties, especially in the salt-sensitive variety Blue Silver. There were significant differences in the Ca content of seeds after various presowing treatments. There were also significant differences between both varieties in the ion contents after seed treatment. However, these differences appeared to be related to the improvement of shoot growth during the early seedling establishment stage and not to the effectiveness of pres owing seed treatments in increasing germination.     

Effect of heat treatment on the proximate composition,energy values,and levels of some toxicants in African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) seed varieties

The effects of heat treatments on the proximate composition, energy content, and levels of some antinutritional factors in brown and marble-colored African yam bean (AYB) seed flours were investigated. In raw brown and marble-colored AYB seed flours; moisture content, dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, ash, total carbohydrate and caloric value did not differ significantly at the 5% level. Autoclaving and cooking slightly increased the moisture level. Crude protein, crude fat, and ash contents were decreased by autoclaving and were further decreased by cooking. The decrease was not, however, considerable for the AYB that is not eaten raw and whose full nutritional potential as a legume can be derived only when heat treated, as previous reports have indicated for legume seeds.The levels of the toxicants were generally higher in the raw brown AYB compared to the marble-colored, and were generally reduced by both autoclaving and cooking. In the most commonly available and consumed marble-colored AYB, autoclaving at 121 ^°C, 15 psi for 20 min decreased cyanogenic glycosides by 46%, oxalate by 48.9%, tannin by 15.0%, saponin by 14.8% and trypsin inhibitors by 61.3% while cooking for 3.5 hours in tap water decreased these toxic factors by 66.5%, 70.3%, 72.2%, 48.7%, and 86.0%, respectively.The results indicate that for raw samples, varietal difference did not significantly affect nutrient composition though the toxicants were generally higher in the brown AYB than the marble-colored. Autoclaving decreased both nutrient value and the level of toxicants in the two seed types; values were further reduced by cooking. Of the toxicants, trypsin inhibitor was found to be the most heat-labile and of the heat treatment methods, cooking to tenderness is recommendable.     

不同施肥措施下菜地CO_2排放通量的变化特征

采用碱溶液吸收法对福州市郊菜地土壤CO2排放特征及其与土温之间的关系进行研究。结果表明,蔬菜生长期的土壤CO2排放通量在苗期和发育前期,它的日变化表现为黑夜白天;发育后期则为白天黑夜,且随时间的推移而呈现递减规律。此外,土壤CO2排放通量在苗期较大,不施肥(CK)、化肥(全部基施)、化肥(1/2基施+1/2追施)、化肥+长效肥力素(全部基施)、化肥+长效肥力素(1/2基施+1/2追施)、1/2有机肥+1/2化肥+长效肥力素(全部基施)、1/2有机肥(基施)+1/2化肥(氮钾肥追施+磷肥基施)+长效肥力素(追施)处理分别为2 379.08、2 482.93、2 129.94、1 299.02、1 890.04、2 293.61、3 029.99mg·m-2·d-1,而发育后期土壤CO2释放量相对较小。而且化肥+长效肥力素(全部基施)处理的菜地土壤CO2排放通量小,仅为209.96mg·m-2·d-1,而1/2有机肥(基施)+1/2化肥(氮钾肥追施+磷肥基施)+长效肥力素(追施)处理则较大,达到了3 029.99mg·d-1·m-2,表明化肥+长效肥力素(全部基施)培肥处理适宜在福州市郊菜地进行推广。指数回归分析可知,土壤15cm处的土层温度是影响菜地CO2释放的主要因素之一,且随温度的增加而升高。     

Effects of heat treatments and germination on trypsin inhibitor activity and polyphenols in jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis L. DC)

The application of dry heat to seeds and meal was not effective in inactivating the TI and reducing the polyphenol content. Soaking for 24 h followed by cooking for 20 min, was equally effective in destroying the TI activity. Germination of jack bean seeds for 40 h decreased the levels of TI and polyphenols by 31% and 35%, respectively.     

Effect of alkali treatments on the nutritive value of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

The effect of alkali treatments of common bean seeds with red seed coat on the stability of antinutritional factors such as tannins, phytates and trypsim inhibitors, vitamins such as niacin and riboflavin and on protein quality has been studied. The samples were processed by soaking and soaking and pressure cooking in alkalies such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. At low temperature sodium carbonate and at high temperature sodium bicarbonate were found to be most effective in the extraction of tannins. At both low and high temperatures sodium carbonate was found to be more efficient in destruction of phytates. In the case of trypsin inhibitors, extraction at both low and high temperatures with sodium bicarbonate was most effective. Sodium hydroxide treatment was found to be better as far as the retention of niacin and riboflavin was considered.     

蛋清粉对蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒澄清效果的研究

以宁夏金沙麓鼎酒庄2019年份蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒为供试对象,设置不同剂量的蛋清粉进行下胶处理,测定下胶处理后葡萄酒样品的酒泥沉降速度、沉淀紧实度、沉淀高度、常规理化指标、色度、色调和热稳定性,并进行感官评价。结果表明：当蛋清粉下胶剂量≥0.06 g/L时,处理48 h后葡萄酒样品澄清度高、沉淀紧实;不同下胶剂量蛋清粉处理的蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒的干浸出物含量、色度值之间具有显著性差异,总酸含量较对照均有所降低;当下胶剂量为0.08 g/L时,葡萄酒样品浊度差最小,为4.41 NTU,感官品质最佳。综上可以确定,蛋清粉处理蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒以下胶剂量0.08 g/L、处理时间48 h为宜。     

紫色土坡耕地土壤团聚体分形维数与有机碳关系

为深入理解有机碳对土壤团聚体的影响,采用干筛法和重铬酸钾外加热法并基于相关分析研究了不同施肥处理紫色土耕地土壤团聚体分形维数（D）与有机碳（SOC）的关系。结果表明：不同施肥处理和土层间 D 与SOC均存在差异,变化范围分别为2.376～2.603、3.54～12.07 g/kg,均值都随土层变深呈递减趋势。全样本（n=36,不区分处理和土层）中D与SOC显著相关,但并非简单相关。进一步对D与各粒级有机碳含量（fSOC）的相关分析表明,在全样本中二者相关性显著,且随粒级的减小相关程度变大。不同施肥处理和土层间的相关分析中二者相关性又表现不同：除对照CK,其他处理的呈现多组显著相关,耕作层（0～20 cm）多组的相关性都很微弱,而犁底层（＞20～30 cm）的多个组却显著相关。分析认为,这与不同施肥处理所提供的碳源在团聚体形成过程中所起作用的差异有关,该差异将使团聚体形成各自的特点从而表现出各自的分形特征;并且D与fSOC相关性的差异是团聚体中大小颗粒间结构相似程度的反映,体现出各级团聚体在形成过程中的主导因素是否具有一致性,表明该相关关系对形成土壤结构的主导影响因素具有表征作用。该研究结果有助于深入认识和理解土壤团聚体分形维数的影响因素、物理意义以及对土壤结构的表征性。     

不同施肥处理对大豆植株根系及产量的影响

试验采用营养极度缺乏的生土土壤,研究了施肥种类对大豆根系及产量的影响,结果表明:NPK+Org(有机肥)、Org、K、N四种施肥处理,根系总吸收面积较大;Org和P肥对大豆苗期根瘤的产生有促进作用,但P肥处理根瘤衰亡的速度过快;NPK+Org、Org处理的经济产量显著高于其他各处理,且NPK+Org处理的经济产量也显著高于单施Org处理。研究对人工造地、矿区复垦当年增产具有重要应用价值。