采伐剩余物处理方式对2代杉木林碳储量的影响

在福建南平第1代杉木成熟林中设置固定标准地,采伐前测定每个标准地碳储量,采伐后采用5种方式处理采伐剩余物:全部收获(移走地面上全部有机剩余物,包括树木、林下植被和枯枝落叶)、全树收获(收获树木的全部地上部分)、树干和树皮收获(仅收获树干与树皮)、加倍采伐剩余物(仅收获树干和树皮,将全树收获处理的树枝和树叶移到这个处理中)、炼山(仅收获树干和树皮,然后火烧采伐剩余物),随后采用常规方法营造第2代杉木林。试验后12 a,对不同处理生态系统碳储量进行研究。结果表明:12年生第2代杉木林乔木层碳储量大小顺序为:加倍采伐剩余物(61.03 t·hm-2)>全树收获(57.57 t·hm-2)>全部收获(55.64 t·hm-2)>树干和树皮收获(54.38 t·hm-2)>炼山(49.00 t·hm-2);土壤层(0~40 cm)碳储量大小顺序为:加倍采伐剩余物(99.49 t·hm-2)>全树收获(95.63 t·hm-2)>树干和树皮收获(94.81 t·hm-2)>全部收获(91.55 t·hm-2)>炼山(91.23 t·hm-2,与第1代杉木林采伐前相比,第2代12年生杉木土壤层(0~40 cm)碳储量除了全部收获处理降低0.04 t·hm-2外,其他处理均有少量增加,但差异均不显著。第2代12年生杉木林生态系统总碳储量大小顺序为:加倍采伐剩余物(162.80 t·hm-2)>全树收获(155.56 t·hm-2)>树干和树皮收获(151.24 t·hm-2)>全部收获(149.14 t·hm-2)>炼山(142.29 t·hm-2)。加倍采伐剩余物处理、全树收获处理、树干和树皮收获处理、全部收获处理生态系统碳储量分别比炼山处理高14.41%、9.33%、6.29%、4.81%,但差异均达不到显著水平(P>0.05)。     

Chemical and organic immobilization treatments for reducing phytoavailability of heavy metals in copper‐mine tailings

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of diammonium phosphate (DAP), agricultural limestone (lime), and green‐waste compost mixed with 30% treated sewage sludge (GCS) applied alone or in combination as chemical immobilization treatment using tomato as a test crop. Mine waste was collected from an abandoned copper‐mine tailing site at Mynydd Parys, Anglesey (UK). Lime was applied at the rate of CaCO₃ equivalent (CCE, pH = 7), DAP at the rate of 23 g P per kg substrate, and 10% by weight, GCS as sole application. Half rate of each amendment was also tested as a combined treatment and an untreated substrate (control). Plant‐available metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) were measured in substrate with conventional diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and sequential Ca(NO₃)₂ extraction. Plant–dry biomass yield was significantly (p < 0.001) increased by the combined application of all the three amendments while sole application of DAP reduced yield by 4‐fold compared to unamended soil probably due to P toxicity. Addition of lime reduced the DTPA‐extractable Cu, Fe, and Zn by 75%, 81%, and 85%, respectively, while Pb availability was reduced by 88% in combined DAP + lime + GCS treatment compared to control. The extraction capacity of DTPA was higher than that of Ca(NO₃)₂ by 3‐fold for Cu and Fe, 8‐fold for Pb, and 2‐fold for Zn. The leaf‐tissue concentrations of Cu and Fe were reduced by 77% and 83% in the lime + GCS amendment, respectively, while both Pb and Zn were reduced by 89% and 33%, respectively, in substrate treated with the combined application of all three amendments. These results suggest that alkaline amendments (both lime and GCS) were effective in reducing the phytoavailability of Cu, Fe, and Zn while DAP mixed with either GCS or lime was effective in reducing Pb availability.     

PAK-Abnahmen in Bodenproben verschiedener Altlaststandorte bei Aktivierung der autochthonen Mikroflora

PAH decrease in soil samples from different polluted industrial sites by activating the autochthonous microflora In pot experiments under field conditions the PAH decrease in ten different soil samples from former industrial sites with differing PAH load were investigated over a period of 74 and 168 weeks. 15 out of 16 PAH according to US EPA (without acenaphthylene) were determined. Easily degradable organic matter, mineral fertilizers, synthetic surfactants and in some experiments also lime were added to the soil samples in varying amounts. Depending on the nature and quantity of the amendments, the biological activity and (co-)metabolic decomposition of PAH by soil microorganisms could considerably be increased. In the different soil samples a decrease of the initial PAH contents between 12 and 90% was achieved within 74 weeks. Even from 74 up to 168 weeks for some soil samples a remarkable further decrease of the PAH contents could be observed. The decrease of the extractable PAH with time is mainly caused by microbial decomposition and formation of nonextractable residues. This behavior can be fitted by two coupled exponential functions, one for an initial phase of rapid decomposition and the other for a subsequent phase of slow decomposition. Therefore, two different processes (I, II) determine the decrease of PAH. In the first week of the experiment the decomposition rates for process I amount to 4.2–88.3 and for process II to 0.06–5.3 mg PAH ? kg^?1 soil ? week^?1; in the 168th week they are no longer determinable for process I and amount to 0.05–2.3 mg ? kg^?1 ? week' for process II. Higher initial PAH contents often led to higher relative PAH decreases, but also to absolute higher contents of residues. The persistence of PAH is mainly determined by their bioavailability. PAH degradation is increased by the soil treatments. The addition of easily degradable organic matter (C/N ratio < 20) in a quantity of 30g ? kg^?1 (w/w) combined with the addition of nitrate and a surfactant most effectively increased the degradation of PAH. Raising the pH of a very strongly acidic soil sample revealed a maximum PAH decomposition at a pH of 6.     

处理下彩叶草体内元素含量分布及相关性分析

以彩叶草为试材,采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度Se(0、0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mg·L^-1)处理下彩叶草各器官中矿质元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn)和重金属元素(Cr、Cd、As、Pb和Se)含量分布及其相关性。结果表明:Se处理明显改变了根茎叶中矿质元素和重金属的含量及其在植物体内的分布,K和Ca总量在各器官中的顺序是茎>叶>根,Fe和Mn为根>叶>茎,Zn为叶>茎>根;低浓度Se(≤0.5 mg·kg^-1)处理,Na和Mg总量在各器官中的顺序分别是根>茎>叶和叶>根>茎;高浓度Se(≥1.0 mg·kg^-1)处理,Na和Mg元素的顺序则分别为茎>根>叶和叶>茎>根。重金属元素Cr和Cd总量在各器官中的顺序是根>茎>叶;Pb总量在各器官中的顺序是根>叶>茎。相关性分析表明:(1)彩叶草根中Se含量与As、Pb含量呈显著正相关(P <0.05或0.01),与K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的相关性未达到显著水平,13种元素中呈正相关与负相关元素个数相当且基本呈一个复杂的网状结构;(2)茎中Se含量与K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Pb含量的相关性未达到显著水平,13种元素中正相关元素个数多于负相关元素个数且呈2个简单网状结构;(3)叶中Se含量与Ca含量呈显著负相关(P <0.05),与K、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的相关性未达显著水平,13种元素中正相关元素个数多于负相关元素个数且呈2个简单直线结构。     

激素处理对杜鹃花自交与杂交种子萌发的影响

杜鹃花种子细小且发芽率低,为探索有效促进种子萌发的方法,选用杜鹃花主栽品种春鹃紫蝴蝶自交种子为材料,通过蒸馏水浸种、GA₃浸种和无菌播种添加NAA、KT、ZT及GA₃的处理方式,比较不同处理对杜鹃花自交种子萌发时间、发芽率等指标的影响。结果表明,蒸馏水浸种处理以24 h浸种的效果最佳,发芽率达43%;无菌播种结合2.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA处理的效果最佳,发芽率达75%;GA₃浸种以1 600 mg·L^-1 GA₃处理24 h的效果最佳,发芽率可达82%,是对照组的1.82倍。以GA₃浸种法处理杜鹃花2个杂交组合的杂交种子,发现其各项发芽指标均优于对照,其中29号杂交种子的最适GA₃处理为1 200 mg·L^-1浸种24 h,发芽率达96%;59号杂交种子最适GA₃处理为1 600 mg·L^-1浸种24 h,发芽率可达95%,二者发芽率分别比对照提高20%和71%,萌发时间分别提早2和8 d。因此,适宜浓度尤其是高浓度GA₃浸种处理能有效促进杜鹃花自交和杂交种子的萌发。     

"920"处理对水稻eA系种子耐贮藏性研究

用不同尝试的“920”对含euil基因的水稻长穗颈不育系（eA系）与不含该基因的不育系（A系）进行处理,收获种子储藏6个月、9个月和12个月后分别测试发芽率的发芽势。结果表明,无论eA系和A系,其种子储藏时间不超过9个月时,发芽率、发芽势不发生显著变化;储藏时间达1a(12个月）时,个别浓度处理间或材料间开始出现显著差异。但喷施“920”不会eA系种子发芽率和发芽势,个别浓度处理还有提高发芽率和发芽势的趋势。     

Assessing soil erosion after fire and rehabilitation treatments in NW Spain: Performance of rusle and revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney models

Although the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney (MMF) are well‐known models, not much information is available as regards their suitability in predicting post‐fire soil erosion in forest soils. The lack of information is even more pronounced as regards post‐fire rehabilitation treatments. This study compared the soil erosion predicted by the RUSLE and the revised MMF model with the observed values of soil losses, for the first year following fire, in two burned areas in NW of Spain with different levels of fire severity. The applicability of both models to estimate soil losses after three rehabilitation treatments applied in a severely burned area was also tested. The MMF model presented reasonable accuracy in the predictions while the RUSLE clearly overestimated the observed erosion rates. When the R and C factors obtained by the RUSLE formulation were multiplied by 0·7 and 0.865, respectively, the efficiency of the equation improved. Both models showed their capability to be used as operational tools to help managers to determine action priorities in areas of high risk of degradation by erosion after fire. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of three silvicultural treatments on growth,light-energy processing,and related needle-level adaptive traits of Pinus strobus from two regions

Our goal was to quantify and compare the impact of three silvicultural treatments (STs) on growth, light-energy processing, and needle-level morphological adaptive traits for eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) from large, central Ontario (ON) and small, isolated Newfoundland (NL) populations. The interest in STs is to reduce weevil (Pissodes strobi) incidence; however, there are potential adaptive changes and productivity trade-offs. The light levels for the STs were, on average, 100%, 42.0%, and 20.4% transmittance for the full-sun, and intermediate- and high-shade STs, respectively. After 8 years, overall height growth was 4.10, 3.25, and 1.70 m for full-sun, and intermediate- and high-shade STs, respectively (P < 0.001). Across all STs, ON populations had greater total height (14%), basal diameter (12%), current leader length (25%), and tree volume (49%) than NL populations (all P < 0.001). At low light levels (10 and 25 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), high-shade ST trees had higher photochemical quenching (qP) and lower chlorophyll fluorescence (F_pc) compared with intermediate-shade and full-sun STs. At 100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and beyond, full-sun ST trees had higher qP and lower F_pc than intermediate- and high-shade STs. Average total chlorophyll concentration (CHL) and content (CHLC), and carotenoid concentration (CAR), increased in response to the intermediate-shade ST but did not respond further, or decreased in the high-shade ST. Region was significant for CHL, CAR, chlorophyll a:b and CHL:CAR ratios and CHLC, with ON greater than NL, but was reversed for CHL:CAR ratio. Tree height and volume showed a curvilinear and linear relationship to light level, respectively. Tree height showed a positive linear relationship to qP, apparent photosynthesis, chlorophyll a:b ratio, and needle N (all P < 0.001). Tree height showed a negative linear relationship to F_pc, CHL:CAR ratio, specific needle area, C:N ratio, and needle area N⁻¹ (all P < 0.001). There were modest trade-offs between weevil protection and productivity in the intermediate ST due to the compensatory physiological and morphological adaptations to the limiting light, however, the trade-off with growth at the high-shade level was severe. For NL, consideration should now be given to the introduction and mixing of seed from local seed sources with more southern mainland seed sources, which would decrease the inbreeding effect and provide wider variation for natural selection for a more fit future population.