氮肥施用对柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化的影响

土壤有机碳矿化是土壤向大气释放CO2的最大净输出途径,其与植被的净初级生产力的差值是判断生态系统碳“源”或“汇”的关键。采用室内模拟试验,在10、20、30℃ 3个温度条件下,研究施肥施用对柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明：3种温度处理下,各施氮处理土壤有机碳矿化速率都表现为培养前期快速下降,培养后期保持相对稳定的趋势。在整个培养过程中,3种温度条件下各施氮处理的土壤CO2累积排放量为1328.25~2219.42 mg/kg,100 mg/kg（N4）处理土壤有机碳矿化量最大,CK处理最低,100 mg/kg（N4）和80 mg/kg（N3）2个高氮处理显著高于低氮50 mg/kg（N2）、30 mg/kg（N1）处理。土壤有机碳矿化速率随温度升高而增长,不同的土壤施氮条件下土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性不同,N2处理土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性最低,N4处理最高。柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化受高施氮量影响较大,低施氮影响不明显。随着施氮量的增加土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性增加,氮肥施用和温度的共同作用可能使柑橘林向大气中排放的CO2增加。     

Earthworm biomass response to soil management in semi-arid tropical Alfisol agroecosystems

Earthworms recorded during 1989–1993 across 15 soil management treatments, comprising three different tillagexthree organic amendments (bare, farmyard manure, and rice straw) and six perennial ley treatments, belonged to two endogeic species, Octochaetona phillotti (Michaelsen) and Lampito mauritii Kinberg, while in a nearby undisturbed natural revegetation area three species were found, including the above two and Octonochaeta rosea (Stephenson). The earthworm biomass showed significant temporal and spatial variations and was higher during the post monsoon period than in the early rainy season. No worm biomass was recorded during the dry season. In the tillage and organic amendment treatments, the biomass was drastically reduced from September 1989 to September 1991 after the application of carbofuran and some herbicides, and was significantly reduced during these two years compared to that of 1992. The maximum monthly earthworm biomass ranged between 2.5 and 17.9 g m^-2 across the treatments and increased several-fold in the nearby natural revegetation area (75.9 g m^-2). It significantly increased in perennial ley treatments compared to annual treatments with organic amendments. Thus the earthworm biomass varied significantly (P<0.01) across the 15 treatments, indicating discernible effects of soil management.Visiting Scientist (under the Rockefeller Foundation Environmental Research Fellowship in International Agriculture)     

遮阴处理对小蓬竹生长及生理特性的影响

为了探讨濒危植物小蓬竹对光照的适应性,设置轻度遮阴(LS,74.32％自然光)、中度遮阴(MS,44.83％自然光)、重度遮阴(SS,18.57％自然光)3种遮阴处理,以自然光为对照,观测了小蓬竹叶片生长及生理特性的变化.结果表明,相对于对照,轻度遮阴小蓬竹植株叶片数量显著增加,比叶重、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、可溶性淀粉、游离脯氨酸含量均无明显差异,总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量以及叶绿素b相对含量略有升高;中度遮阴及重度遮阴小蓬竹叶片相对数量、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、叶绿素b相对含量以及可溶性蛋白含量显著升高,比叶重、可溶性淀粉、游离脯氨酸含量显著降低,可溶性糖含量差异较小.说明小蓬竹对轻度遮阴环境有良好的适应性,适度遮阴更有利于其生长发育.遮阴加重的情况下,小蓬竹降低比叶重、促进扩展生长、提高总叶绿素尤其是叶绿素b的含量,从而提高光照截获面积与光吸收能力;调节游离脯氨酸含量维持正常的细胞膨压;减少光合有机物的净积累,将能量更多地用于生命活动的维持;保持足够的可溶性糖并提高可溶性蛋白的含量,从而加强对弱光逆境的抵御能力.由此推断,小蓬竹对中度及重度遮阴环境具有较强的适应性.     

Effect of Different Treatment Rapeseeds on Activity of Cellulose Enzyme in Sheep

The purpose of the experiment is to research the effect of different rapeseed treatments feeding on activity of cellulose enzyme in sheep. Eight male adults of semi-fine wool sheep breeds with the same weight and permanent rumen cannulas were selected according to 4×4 Latin square design to determine the effect of different rapeseed treatment groups including crushed rapeseed, whole rapeseed, extruded rapeseed (dietary lipid content of =67 g · kg-1 ) and control group (dietary lipid content of =30 g · kg-1 ) on activity dynamic variation of ruminal celluolytic enzyme in sheep. The results showed that ruminal fluid pH matched up to the condition of fiber degradation and growth of cellulolytic bacterium when fed four diets; but there was significant difference (P0.05) for the activity of microcrystalline cellulose, glucanase, salicin enzyme involved in ruminal fiber degradation after fed 2, 4, 6 h.     

不同药剂处理对猕猴桃根结线虫的防治效果

为了筛选出能够有效防治猕猴桃根结线虫的药剂。采用田间药剂施用筛选的方法,研究了12.5%阿维·噻唑膦EC等7种药剂对猕猴桃根结线虫的防治效果。结果表明供试的不同药剂对猕猴桃根结线虫均有一定的防效,能控制土壤中2龄幼虫的数量和抑制根结的形成,其中12.5%阿维·噻唑膦EC防治效果最好,药后45 d、180 d对根结线虫和二龄若虫的防治效果分别为78.40%、69.90%和83.83%、80.26%;10%噻唑膦GR与5%阿维菌素GR防效较好;2亿/毫升淡紫拟青霉+生物菌培养基B++(微生物肥)防效较差。12.5%阿维·噻唑膦EC、10%噻唑膦GR和5%阿维菌素GR可作为猕猴桃根结线虫防治的首选药剂。     

Cd污染农田的炭基修复方案设计和效果评价

为了解不同Cd污染农田土壤上炭基改良剂的治理效果,运用土壤医生理念,针对广东省韶关和云浮3个重金属Cd污染状况和土壤理化性质不同的区域农田分别设计了3种以生物炭为主要原料,搭配石灰、有机肥等不同辅料的3种生物炭基土壤改良剂,并进行了大田应用试验,同时归纳总结设计原则,评价设计的3种改良剂对Cd污染农田的治理效果。结果表明：在3个区域施用的改良剂均不会降低作物的产量,在Cd污染严重的酸性土壤上有显著增产的效果（增产效果达到383.03%）;同时施加3种不同配方的炭基改良剂均可以有效降低作物可食用部位的Cd含量,分别是对照的33.33%、46.88%和42.86%,使3个试验区的农产品可食用部分Cd含量均达到国家标准;施用炭基改良剂,可有效降低土壤中酸溶态Cd的含量,尤其是在酸性较强、Cd污染程度高的土壤中,能够将土壤中活性和生物可利用形态的Cd含量降低18.28%。综上所述,根据土壤理化性质、污染程度和修复目的来针对性设计以生物炭为基础的炭基改良剂可以保障作物产量,提高作物品质,实现对南方Cd污染土壤的改良。     

雨豆树播种前预处理对种子发芽和种苗发育的影响

播种前对雨豆树(Albizia saman (Jacq.) F. Muell.)的种子进行了5 种预先处理,研究种子预先处理对种子发芽和苗圃种苗发育的影响。实验是在孟加拉吉大港大学林业与环境研究所的苗圃进行。研究结果表明,在种子末端修剪(处理4)提高种子发芽率50%,在冷水中浸泡24 小时(处理1)提高种子发芽率42%,在开水中浸30 秒后再在冷水中浸泡24 小时(处理2),种子发芽完全被抑制。处理4 和处理1 的种子发芽率、种苗初期形态生长和生物量都明显高于对照组。因此,这2 种播种前的种子预处理方法,可用于提高雨豆树种子发芽率和促进早期壮苗生长。图2 表3 参30。     

循环解吸-吸湿处理对尾巨桉胀缩性的影响

采用人工模拟大气湿度变化环境,对尾巨桉木材进行循环解吸-吸湿处理,并测定木材的弦向胀缩性.结果表明:在解吸过程中,初含水率对尾巨桉木材弦向干缩率影响显著;在吸湿过程中,循环处理次数对尾巨桉木材弦向湿胀率影响显著.循环处理可以使尾巨桉木材弦向胀缩率达到稳定的时间缩短,有利于其尺寸稳定.