The effect of feeding commercial diets on the development of juvenile crucian carp (Carassius carassius,L.). Part 1: Skeletal deformations

The crucian carp (Carassius carassius, L.) is a cyprinid freshwater species, whose wild‐living populations have decreased in recent years due to an increasing competition of invasive species. Several initiatives were launched, attempting to reintroduce this fish back into its native open waters, which requires the use of crucian carp fry grown under controlled conditions. However, the use of popular commercial diets results in severe developmental abnormalities. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of feeding natural feed (Chironomidae sp. larvae) or two popular commercial diets on the skeletal development of crucian carp juveniles. Whole‐mount staining and histological methods were used in the study. Skeletal tissues of fish fed both commercial diets were demineralized and displayed a variety of deformities, such as abnormal vertebral spines and vertebral fusion, as well as a new type of deformation, which involved the action of dorsal fin pterygiophores upon the spine. Finally, a novel analytical method was proposed, which utilizes LA‐ICP‐MS for the estimation of bone mineralization. The study proved that basic commercial diets are inadequate for the rearing of crucian carp juveniles.     

Evaluating the use of garlic (Allium sativum) for the remedy of Cryptocaryon irritans in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

Garlic (Allium sativum) has been shown to possess antimicrobial properties against a range of disease‐causing agents, including fish parasites. Our study aimed to investigate the potential use of garlic as a treatment against Cryptocaryon irritans infection, using guppies (Poecilia reticulata) as the fish model. Garlic was freeze‐dried, powdered, and used as it is or as an aqueous extract. The content of allicin, its main active ingredient, was 1.25 mg/g in garlic powder and 0.82 mg/ml in the aqueous extract, as determined by HPLC analysis. Aqueous garlic extract fully immobilized C. irritans theronts and protomonts within 20 and 40 min, respectively, following exposure to 5 µl/ml. Treatment trials were performed, in which infected fish were fed with garlic powder‐supplemented feeds (5%, 10%, or 20% supplementation), bathed in garlic aqueous extract (250 or 500 µl/L) and subjected to a combined treatment which included both feeding and bathing. Results revealed that the tested treatments failed to cure the infection, though reduction in infection intensity on the caudal fin, but not on the gills, was evident following dietary supplementation with 20% of powdered garlic in one of the trials.     

奶牛乳房炎防治技术研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是世界范围内仍未解决的顽疾之一.目前,发生乳房炎后一般采用抗生素进行治疗,其不仅引起产奶量下降甚至停奶,而且会导致牛奶中抗生素残留,危害人类健康.在此对奶牛乳房炎的发病原因、治疗及其预防的最新进展进行了综述,为奶牛乳房炎的预防、治疗提供可靠的依据.     

欧洲畜禽粪便的管理策略与技术

探讨了欧洲对于畜禽粪便的管理策略与主要技术。欧洲畜禽粪便管理策略的选择是从养殖业发展、环境与经济问题等多视角出发,主要考虑2种情况：一是局部地区养殖业规模适中,养殖场产生的粪便可由本地土地消纳;二是养殖场规模大,粪便产生局部过量,超出当地农田消纳能力,则要考虑粪便的输出与营养去除。主要粪便处理技术包括酸化、固液分离、堆肥、厌氧消化、好氧生物处理、真空蒸发浓缩、热干燥、氨转化利用、过滤与反渗透、植物净化等。     

不同频率下超声波水处理对苹果内传热传质影响规律的试验研究

为探究超声波处理对果蔬加工过程中热质传递的影响规律,以苹果为研究对象,结合不同频率（40、68、80 kHz）超声波处理技术,分别进行超声波辅助低温水浴试验和超声波水预冷处理辅助苹果片真空冷冻干燥试验。结果表明：超声波辅助低温水浴可有效强化苹果与冷水间的热量交换,频率为80 kHz时,苹果果肉中部和近果核处的冷却系数与对照组相比分别增加了35.3%和28.6%;超声波水预冷处理后,真空冷冻干燥过程有效水分扩散系数比对照组分别增加了51.6%（超声波频率40 kHz）、55.9%（超声波频率68 kHz）、58.7%（超声波频率80 kHz）。     

不同浓度臭氧熏蒸处理对树莓贮藏保鲜效果的影响

以树莓果实为试材,采用不同质量浓度(0、6.42、12.84、19.26 mg/m³)臭氧熏蒸处理1 h后在(0±0.5)℃的条件下贮藏16 d,探究不同质量浓度的臭氧熏蒸处理对树莓贮藏品质的影响。结果表明：与未处理的对照相比,臭氧处理可使树莓果实保持良好的感官品质,抑制腐烂,延缓果实硬度的下降,保持较高的可溶性固形物含量,提高果实亮度L^*值和a^*值,抑制丙二醛含量的上升。此外,较低质量浓度的臭氧处理有利于维持树莓果实中的总酚含量,其中以6.42 mg/m³臭氧熏蒸处理的保鲜效果最好。     

酸处理对薄壳山核桃和山核桃幼苗生长和生理的影响

为探究薄壳山核桃和山核桃幼苗对酸处理的生理生化响应,以一年生的薄壳山核桃(CI)和山核桃(CC)实生苗为试材,分别采用pH 6.0(CK)、pH 5.0(轻度酸处理)、pH 4.0(中度酸处理)和pH 3.0(重度酸处理)的霍格兰氏营养液培养植株,并测定其生理生化指标。结果显示：在重度酸处理下,与CK组相比,薄壳山核桃和山核桃实生苗的株高分别增加15.23%和15.36%,地径分别增加11.91%和13.88%;而两者的幼苗叶片数量均急剧减少。薄壳山核桃和山核桃幼苗的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均随pH值的下降显著减小。在重度酸处理下两种植株的净光合速率均小于0,说明幼苗呼吸速率大于光合速率。与CK组相比,薄壳山核桃和山核桃胞间CO₂浓度增幅分别为27.26%和19.21%,气孔导度降幅分别为35.51%和65.88%,蒸腾速率降幅分别为32.80%和64.14%。总之,随着营养液pH值的降低,山核桃的光合参数变化幅度大于薄壳山核桃,两种植株的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v     

《农业环境科学学报》2022年刊出论文简评

本文简要地介绍了2022年《农业环境科学学报》刊出论文的总体情况和农业环境领域当前的研究热点,重点评述了土壤环境、环境健康与农产品安全、废弃物处理及资源化利用、农业与全球变化领域刊出的论文,总结了当前这些领域重点关注的科学问题及取得的主要进展。     

不同处理对神黄豆种子发芽的影响

用剪刀剪、锉子锉、与瓜子石混搓等机械处理法以及用5%氢氧化钾、98%浓硫酸等化学处理法对神黄豆种子进行预处理,3倍种子体积沸水浸泡并自然冷却浸种48 h,观察并统计种子吸胀粒数、种皮破裂数后置床进行发芽测定。结果表明,除与瓜子石混搓处理外,其余处理均能促进种子吸水膨胀,显著提高神黄豆种子发芽率。其中以98%浓硫酸浸泡2 h处理效果最好,其吸胀率达98.0%、发芽率最高,达88.3%,吸胀破皮率、不正常发芽率均为0%;其次是锉子锉处理效果好,其吸胀率达99.0%,发芽率可达84.7%,吸胀破皮率、不正常发芽率均为0%;用5%氢氧化钾进行浸泡处理,对种子发芽有一定的促进作用,但发芽不整齐,发芽速度慢,处理14 d吸胀率为59.7%、发芽率最高为48.0%;与瓜子石混搓处理效果相对较差,对神黄豆种子发芽的促进作用不明显,吸胀率为5.0%、发芽率为5.0%。     

营养液膜技术栽培牧草净化循环流水水产养殖废水的试验

为研究植物生态净化技术集成至循环流水水产养殖系统的可行性,构建了4个(4重复)3.0m×0.5m×0.05m(长×宽×高)的植物滤器处理淡水白鲳(Colossoma brachypomum)高密度养殖废水。每个植物滤器生长0.8m2NFT(营养液膜技术)培多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenneL.)。废水每周更换一次,每次25.4L,连续运行40d。7d循环灌溉处理后,NO3--N、TN、TP、COD的去除率分别达96.1%、86.2%、90.5%、88.7%,pH从6.4升高至8.4,而水体积只消耗29.7%。除UIA由于pH升高而超标外,所有水质指标均符合渔业水质标准。牧草日增长仅2.3mm,显著低于用商品营养液培育的牧草生长速度(日增长13.2mm)。鲜草TAN和NO3--N含量分别为107.9和42.5μg.g-1,试验结束时收获鲜草582.9g.m-2,烘干后得到干草102.5g.m-2,干湿比0.176。结果表明,植物滤器能解决生物滤器引起的N、P、COD累积以及pH下降等问题,是一种环境友好的水处理方法。为使牧草良好生长,建议定期将牧草返回培育系统用商品营养液培养一段时间。