水稻闭颖授粉特性的遗传及其生物学意义

在正常条件下,水稻闭颖授粉特性是一种罕见的性状。已知具有这种特性的水稻品种有兴除1号和小麦稻。遗传分析表明,闭颖授粉受一对隐性核基因控制。试验结果表明,开花期遇到低温或连续降雨时,这种特性有利于水稻受精结实。此外还可看到,闭颖授粉特性能防止异花授粉,对保持种性有重要的生物学意义。     

Power Frequency Electric Field Caused by EHV Lines and Its Effect

Mathematical model of power frequency electric field is established based on Charge Simulation Method(CSM) to analyze power frequency electric field caused by EHV lines with overhead ground wires and its effect, which are entering the megalopolis. Calculative method on the electric field under the transmission lines is analyzed and validated. According to the criterion of environmental evaluation, the distributing characteristic of electric field is summarized, in case of various arrangement manners of lines. At last, some advice and methods of eliminating electric field under the transmission lines entering the megalopolis is proposed with regard to protecting environment.     

Development and evaluation of pyramiding lines carrying early or late heading QTLs in the indica rice cultivar ‘IR64’

The heading date is an important trait for determining regional and climatic adaptability in rice. To expand the adaptability of the indica rice cultivar ‘IR64’, we pyramided multiple early or late heading quantitative trait locus (QTLs) in the ‘IR64’ genetic background by crossing previously developed near-isogenic lines (NILs) with a single QTL for early or late heading. The effects of pyramiding QTLs were observed in three different climatic zones of the Philippines, Madagascar, and Japan. The early heading pyramiding lines (PYLs) headed 6.2 to 12.8 days earlier than ‘IR64’ while the late heading PYLs headed 18.8 to 27.1 days later than ‘IR64’. The PYLs tended to produce low grain yield compared to ‘IR64’. The low yield was not improved by combining SPIKE, which is a QTL that increases the number of spikelets per panicle. Conversely, ‘IR64-PYL(7+10)’ carrying Hd5 and Hd1 headed earlier, produced more tillers, and more panicles per m² than ‘IR64’, and mitigated the yield decrease in early heading. These results suggest that the effects of pyramided QTLs on heading date were consistent across various environments and PYLs could be used to enhance the adaptation of ‘IR64’ in other rice growing environments.     

Quantitative trait loci mapping for yield-related traits under low and high planting densities in maize (Zea mays)

Average maize yield per hectare has increased significantly because of the improvement in high-density tolerance, but little attention has been paid to the genetic mechanism of grain yield response to high planting density. Here, we used a population of 301 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross YE478 × 08–641 to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 16 yield-related traits under two planting densities (57,000 and 114,000 plants per ha) across four environments. These yield-related traits responded differently to high-density stress. A total of 110 QTLs were observed for these traits: 33 QTLs only under low planting density, 50 QTLs under high planting density and 27 QTLs across both densities. Only two major QTLs, qCD6 and qWKEL2-2, were identified across low- and high-density treatments. Seven environmentally stable QTLs were also observed containing qED6, qWKEL3, qRN3-3, qRN7-2, qRN9-2 and qRN10 across both densities, as well as qRN9-1 under low density. In addition, 16 and eight pairs of loci with epistasis interaction (EPI) were detected under low and high planting densities, respectively. Additionally, nine and 17 loci showed QTL × environment interaction (QEI) under low- and high-density conditions, respectively. These interactions are of lesser importance than the main QTL effects. We also observed 26 pleiotropic QTL clusters, and the hotspot region 3.08 concentrated nine QTLs, suggesting its great importance for maize yield. These findings suggested that multiple minor QTLs, loci with EPI and QEI, pleiotropy and the complex network of “crosstalk” among them for yield-related traits were greatly influenced by plant density, which increases our understanding of the genetic mechanism of yield-related traits for high-density tolerance.     

Genetic variation of seedling traits responded to brassinosteroid and gibberellin inhibitors in maize (Zea mays) doubled haploid lines

The purpose of this study was to examine the genotypic variation in maize doubled haploid (DH) lines response to brassinosteroid and gibberellin inhibitors. Plant responses to hormone inhibitors were determined in growth chamber experiments using germination paper for three different seedling treatments: application of propiconazole (Pcz), uniconazole (Ucz) or water (control). Mesocotyl length (ML) was more sensitive to hormone inhibitors, especially to the Ucz treatment, than other seedling traits. ML was significantly correlated with other traits in the Ucz treatment. All the seedling traits showed moderate-to-high broad sense heritability values, ranging from 0.39 to 0.82. The Euclidian genetic distances of inbred line pairs ranged from 1.27 to 19.94, indicating there was a high level of variability across the maize DH lines used in this study. DH lines with extreme MLs were identified, which can provide valuable breeding resources for improving abiotic stress tolerance, and for further genetic studies.     

不同海拔生态区移栽唐古特大黄株系性状表现

为探究唐古特大黄移栽到不同海拔区域后的性状表现,确定合理的种植海拔,同时对唐古特大黄进行品种选优的初期筛选。选用唐古特大黄10个株系温室育苗移栽到青海5个不同海拔生态区进行适应性研究,利用灰色关联分析法确定10个株系植株的综合表现排名。结果表明,海拔对移栽第1年的株高、叶片数、最大叶叶长、最大叶叶宽、最大叶叶柄长、产生叶裂程度、最大叶叶裂长、最大叶叶裂宽、根茎长、根茎数、根茎粗、根茎鲜质量、根茎鲜质量产量有极显著影响（P＜0.01）,表现为随海拔升高各项指标极显著降低;10个株系中较优株系为L2、L9、L1、L5和L10,其次为L3、L6和L8,而L4和L7表现最差。综上所述,海拔影响栽培唐古特大黄的性状表现,在2 016～3 763 m内,海拔越高,植株性状表现越差;较优株系L1、L2、L5、L9、L10可作为品种选育进一步研究材料。     

水稻复合农艺性状QTL剖析

为了解水稻复合性状的数量性状基因座(QTL),在利用单片段代换系进行QTL鉴定的基础上,剖析了水稻株高QTL与主茎高和穗长QTL,主茎高与倒一节间长、倒二节间长、倒三节间长和倒四及以下节间长QTL,谷粒长宽比QTL与粒长和粒宽QTL,每穗粒数QTL与一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数QTL的关系。结果表明:鉴定出株高QTL的6个单片段代换系中有4个只检测出了主茎高QTL,其加性效应百分率为86.00%～99.55%,有1个只检测出了穗长QTL,其加性效应百分率为48.31%,有1个同时检测出了主茎高QTL和穗长QTL,其中主茎高QTL的加性效应百分率为81.72%,穗长QTL加性效应百分率为18.28%;在检测出主茎高QTL的7个单片段代换系中,有1个只检测出倒一节间长QTL,有2个只检测出倒二节间长QTL,有2个检测出倒一节间长QTL和倒二节间长QTL,有2个只检测出倒三节间长QTL;不同的单片段代换系中检测出的节间长的QTL加性效应百分率变化范围为-128.62%～172.07%;7个检测出谷粒长宽比QTL的单片段代换系中,有5个只检测出粒长QTL,1个只检测出粒宽QTL,1个同时检测出了粒长QTL和粒宽QTL;检测出每穗粒数QTL的3个单片段代换系中,有2个只检测出二次枝梗数的QTL,有1个同时检测出一次枝梗数QTL和二次枝梗数的QTL。这些结果表明,代换片段中如能检出复合性状QTL,也可以检出其构成性状QTL;复合性状QTL的加性效应的大部分可由其构成性状QTL的综合效应来解析,但相同的复合性状,不同代换片段检出的构成性状QTL不同。     

天水旱作农业区膜侧小麦不同施肥水平增产效应分析

通过不同施肥条件对膜侧小麦水分利用、农艺性状、增产效应、经济效益等方面分析,研究干旱地区膜侧小麦的施肥问题。结果表明:施肥可以提高水分利用率1.1~3.1 kg/(mm.hm2),促进小麦生长发育;不同施肥水平对小麦的增产效应不同:低肥、中肥、高肥3种施肥水平分别比不施肥的对照增产731.5 kg/hm2,1461.0kg/hm2和1 648.5 kg/hm2,增产率分别为25.5%、50.9%和57.4%;经济效益以中肥水平(折合施纯N118.1kg/hm2,P2O594.5 kg/hm2和K2O 60.0 kg/hm2)最高,产值可达2 045.4元/hm2,产投比为2.7∶1。因此,在低、中、高3个施肥水平中,中等施肥最为有效、合理,有利于增产增收。     

籼型三系杂交水稻产量及生育期的配合力分析

用4个湖南近年审定的三系不育系与湖南农业大学水稻所育成的具有代表性的5个籼型三系恢复系配组,采用p×q不完全双列杂交(NCⅡ),对获得的20个组合进行单株产量、生育期的一般配合力和特殊配合力效应以及杂种F1优势表现分析。结果表明:(1)单株产量、全生育期的一般配合力和特殊配合力均达显著或极显著水平,由可遗传的基因加性效应和不可遗传的非加性效应共同控制。(2)单株产量、全生育期的一般配合力和特殊配合力不育系三香A较好,恢复系以416较好。(3)亲本单株产量、全生育期的一般配合力与特殊配合力之间没有明显的对应关系。(4)综合评价20个杂交组合,三香优416、丰源A/283,丰源A/502有生产利用价值。     

Identification of QTLs related to sugar and organic acid composition in melon using near-isogenic lines

The soluble sugar and organic acid composition of melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit flesh has become a major focus of plant breeding worldwide in an attempt to improve taste. Thus, sugar and organic acid profiles were characterized using near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from the Spanish cultivar Piel de Sapo (PS) and the exotic Korean accession Shongwan Charmi (PI 161375). Fruits were cultivated in only one environment. These data were used to map 60 quantitative trait loci (QTLs): 18 for individual sugars, eight for sucrose equivalents, five for the glucose-to-fructose ratio, seven for the total sugar content and 21 for organic acids. Within the QTLs that were associated with the sugar profile, 27 defined the sugar content: eight for fructose, six for glucose, four for sucrose, and nine for sucrose equivalents. Although increased sweetness of selected NILs compared with the parental PS was achieved by an increased glucose or fructose content, only glucose heritability was above 0.5. A total of 21 QTLs (two with positive effects and nineteen with detrimental effects compared with the PS levels) controlled the organic acid profile: l-glutamic, ascorbic and succinic acids (the principal ones) and fumaric, citric, oxalacetic, and isocitric acids. The levels of sugars imparted by the PI 161375 introgression frequently decreased the score grades given to NILs by consumers. Within the 32 QTLs mapped for sensory traits, 27 were associated with lower scores in taste (nine QTLs), sweetness (eight QTLs) or global quality appreciation (nine QTLs); two with increased fruit sourness or sweetness and three with increased fruit bitterness. The QTLs defined herein may assist breeders to understand the overall organoleptic balance (sweetness, sourness, and umami taste) in melon fruit, particularly those located within linkage groups III, V, VI, and VIII to XI.