“一分钟游程”构园法则的适用性研究

“一分钟游程”构园法则将人的视觉感受与园林组景共同考虑,以25~30 m作为组景转换的理想距离,对游路结构进行反复烘托与不断强化,从而形成柔和、丰富的“构景曲线”。选择南北方各具代表性的苏州沧浪亭和北京恭王府花园,分析其园林的景观布局,对比园林空间序列的“起”“承”“转”“合”间距。结果表明,“一分钟游程”构园法则在南方私家园林及北方皇家园林中同样适用,为今后的游线组织与组景布设提供了设计参考。     

新疆人口增长预测与可持续发展研究

人口问题是可持续发展的核心问题,在全面建设小康社会的新的历史时期,新疆未来的人口发展状况对区域整个国民经济和社会发展都将起着关键的影响。文中采用《新疆统计年鉴》统计数据对新疆2010年和2020年的人口发展规模做出预测,并在预测的基础上对人口与水资源、耕地资源、矿产和能源资源的可持续发展进行了分析。通过预测分析得到以下结论:新疆未来的人口增长速度依然会相当高;人口增长对于水资源、耕地资源和矿产能源资源的压力不会很大;但是鉴于新疆人口存在的人口文化素质低、人口城镇化水平低以及流动人口数量大等问题,仍然必须制定科学的人口政策,促进人口与经济社会的可持续发展。     

北疆城镇区域人口发展中的问题及人口空间分布特征

北疆城镇区域是新疆人口最为密集、经济最为发达的城镇密集地区,但其在人口发展过程中过快的人口增长、过低的人口素质、分布广和数量多的贫困人口及少数民族人口等诸多问题已经极大地制约了区域经济的发展步伐。文中通过相关数据的整理和分析,得出北疆城镇区域的人口空间分布总体上具有首位度高、不均衡及人口规模体系不健全等特点,同时深入分析了区域人口密度分布独特的马鞍状分布特点。     

成品油管道水击超前保护优化方案

成品油管道发生泵站意外停电事故后通常执行水击超前保护程序,该保护方案对管道的安全性有决定性影响。为了确保管道从事故前稳态安全平稳过渡到事故后较优的运行状态,需要制定最佳的水击超前保护方案。对成品油管道泵站意外停电水击工况进行分析,以水击事故发生后下一稳态时输量最大且各调节阀节流压力之和最小为目标,建立优化模型,相应的约束条件为全线不超压、不汽化。模型求解采取两种不同策略:事故站下游以各站出站压力最低为目标分别寻优,采用水力坡降线平移法求解;事故站上游以整体总节流最小寻优,为了提高求解速度,采用深度优先搜索法求解。以某成品油管道泵站意外停电事故工况为例,对该优化模型进行实例应用,并根据优化结果制定水击事故过渡过程的控制逻辑,并使用仿真软件SPS验证了控制逻辑的合理性,表明该优化模型合理可靠。     

我国斑鳜不同群体mtDNA控制区序列的遗传变异

采用PCR技术扩增了鸭绿江、长江、钱塘江、闽江、西江5个群体36尾斑鳜（Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner）mtDNA控制区的基因序列。在长度818bp片断序列中共检测到112个多态性核苷酸位点,具有20种单倍型,不同地理群体的单倍型表型不同,鸭绿江、钱塘江群体中含有多个特异性的核苷酸位点。用MEGA3．0构建了NJ分子树,鸭绿江、长江、钱塘江、西江群体内的个体均能单独聚成群,而闽江群体未能单独成群,个体分别与长江、西江群体聚在一起。这些表明我国斑鳜不同群体间有较明显的遗传分化。     

Changes in the density and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta) after intensive removal of sympatric Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in the sub‐Arctic lake Møkkelandsvatn,Norway

This study tests the basic hypothesis that the removal of charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), would cause an increase in both the growth and density of a sympatric trout population, Salmo trutta L. The charr population was characterised by slow‐growing individuals, with a high proportion of mature fish, that is typical for so‐called overpopulated populations. A total of 31,000 charr was removed from the lake in the period 1990–1992, and the density of younger trout (1+, 2+), but not older trout (3+, 4+), increased. The growth of older trout (3+, 4+) increased, but the evidence for similar growth increases of younger trout (1+, 2+) was limited. From 1989 to 1990, the proportion of trout increased from 30 to only 40% of the total catch, but from 1991 to 1994, it was significantly higher (60–80%) than that of charr. Total trout biomass increased to a maximum in 1992 and then decreased so that the biomass of 1994 was nearly similar to that of 1989, that is before the start of the charr removal. Back‐calculated lengths of trout from otoliths showed that 2+ and 3+ trout caught in the pelagic were growing consistently faster over previous years than those caught in the littoral, while this was not the case for the 4+ fish. Therefore, the hypothesis was partially supported; the growth rate of trout increased (age groups 1+ to 4+), while the density of juvenile trout (1+, 2+), but not the older trout (3+, 4+), increased after the removal of charr.     

Influences of population density,temperature and latitude on the growth of invasive topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva

Plasticity in life‐history traits provides advantages for introduced fish in overcoming demographic bottlenecks that would otherwise inhibit establishment. Here, the influence of population density, temperature and latitude was tested on the growth increments and growth rates of invasive populations of topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, a small Asian cyprinid fish that is invasive across Europe. Aquaria experiments tested the roles of fish number and temperature on growth increments under a fixed food supply, pond experiments tested the role of density on growth increments, and a field study completed in England and Wales tested the influence of density and latitude on growth rates. In aquaria experiments, whilst growth increments were higher at 21 and 23 °C than at 19 and 25 °C, fish number had a greater influence on growth than temperature. Higher growth increments were produced at lower densities. In experimental ponds, growth increments were significantly higher in ponds with low densities of P. parva compared with those at elevated densities. In the field study comprising 10 wild populations across a latitudinal gradient of 4.0°N, a difference in mean air temperatures of approximately 3 °C, and estimated densities between 0.5 and 65.0 m^?2, population density was the only significant predictor of growth rates. Whilst populations at very low densities comprised of significantly faster growing individuals, there were no significant differences when densities were between 15 and 65 m^?2. Thus, invasive P. parva populations have considerable growth plasticity, especially at low densities, with this likely to be important in their ability to colonise new environments.     

履带拖拉机变速箱壳体生产线技术改造

介绍中国一拖集团有限公司为满足履带拖拉机多样性的市场需求对已有生产线进行技术改造,使其成为适合年产5 000件以上制造能力的51.5～117.6 kW区间多品种履带拖拉机变速箱壳体柔性生产线。     

氨氮胁迫对四鼻须鲤鱼肝脏GST酶活力的影响

实验采用生态毒理学方法,以NH4Cl为实验药物,设置0、50、150和250mg/L实验浓度。通过对野生和养殖群体的四鼻须鲤鱼氨氮对肝脏谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶（GST）活力的影响,比较两个群体抗氨氮能力。结果表明：在相同的氨氮浓度和胁迫时间下,四鼻须鲤鱼养殖群体GST酶活力的变化趋势与野生群体大致相同。除250mg/L浓度组在胁迫5d和10d时,野生群体酶活性略低于养殖群体外,在其余时间点的野生群体酶活性均高于养殖群体,而且,在高浓度氨氮胁迫下,野生群体肝脏的GST酶活性达到峰值的时间比养殖群体更短,显示出较强的抗氨氮能力。     

轮回选择在烟草育种中的应用及方法

提出了在烟草育种中应用轮回选择方法的必要性,综述了轮回选择改良群体的理论与方法和轮回选择在烟草育种中的应用效果,同时探讨了轮回选择在烟草群体改良中的应用特点和方法。