黄淮海地区日光温室秋延后番茄品种筛选试验

为了筛选适合黄淮海地区日光温室秋延后栽培的番茄品种,以6个番茄新品种为试材,以当地栽培较多的粉之星为对照,对参试各品种的植物学性状、结实性、抗病性和丰产性进行比较分析。结果表明,瑞粉882、爱吉112、欧粉308比对照品种粉之星植株生长势壮,且叶色深绿;株高、茎粗分别比对照高3.09%~1.14%、13.04%~18.26%;结实性方面也显著优于对照品种,表现为果实单果质量大(280~310 g),果实高圆型,商品性好,果实硬度高;抗病性强,其中TY病毒病、早疫病、晚疫病、灰霉病、灰叶斑病发病株率明显比对照低;3个品种的产量分别比对照增产34.8%、30.4%、26.1%。综上所述,瑞粉882、爱吉112、欧粉308综合表现为丰产、抗病、结实性好,是适合黄淮海地区日光温室秋延后栽培的理想品种。     

樱桃结果母枝直径与开花习性的相关性分析

为了探讨影响樱桃[Cerasus pseudocerasus(Lindl.)G.Don]开花习性的内在因素及机理,研究了樱桃结果母枝直径与开花习性的相关性。结果表明,樱桃结果母枝直径与结果母枝长度和总芽量之间呈高度正相关,与叶芽量、4朵花芽量和4朵花量之间呈显著正相关,与萌芽率、3朵花芽量和3朵花量之间呈显著负相关,与2朵花芽量、总花芽量和2朵花量之间呈低度负相关,与总花量呈负相关。作图分析结果表明,樱桃结果母枝直径以4.4~6.5 mm最好,其次以6.5~7.3 mm较好;回归分析结果表明,樱桃结果母枝直径与结果母枝长度、总芽量、叶芽量、萌芽率、2朵花芽量、3朵花芽量、4朵花芽量、总花芽量和总花量等指标的回归曲线都符合二次回归方程。建议可以通过培养优质枝梢来提高花的质量,通过调查樱桃结果母枝直径来预测各类花芽量和开花量等指标。     

菌渣部分替代草炭对樱桃番茄生长及养分吸收的影响研究

为在大规模基质栽培中高效利用草炭资源,开展了菌渣部分替代草炭的栽培基质对樱桃番茄生长、产量及养分吸收的影响。利用充分腐熟的菌渣部分替代栽培基质中的草炭,以草炭和蛭石(2:1,V:V)为对照,进行田间试验,研究添加不同比例菌渣的栽培基质理化性状,及其对樱桃番茄生长、产量及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,不同比例菌渣替代草炭混配基质,其基质容重、孔隙度和pH均在理想基质要求范围之内,和对照相比,添加草炭后,基质碱解氮含量降低,钾元素含量升高,较高比例的菌渣复合基质导致樱桃番茄叶绿素含量降低,产量下降,而适宜比例的菌渣复合基质适宜樱桃番茄生长。T₁（草炭:菇渣:蛭石:珍珠岩=3:3:3:1）处理适宜樱桃番茄生长,产量与对照差异不显著,果实品质好。适宜比例的腐熟菌渣替代草炭,既能保证樱桃番茄产量、品质,又能降低基质配制成本。     

无压灌溉条件下不同滴灌施氮量对樱桃生长发育及产量的影响

研究无压灌溉条件下不同滴灌施氮量对樱桃生长发育以及产量的影响,为果树水肥科学调控,实现高效节水、高产目标提供理论依据。以樱桃树为试验材料,研究不同出水孔径和施氮量对樱桃生长、生理、产量和灌溉水利用效率的影响。设2个水分水平(出水孔径为8 mm,W1;6 mm,W2和3个施氮水平[N1,N2,N3(200、400、600kg/hm2)]。结果表明:不同出水孔径和施氮量对樱桃树干周、新梢生长量、产量均有显著影响(P0.05),水肥交互作用对灌溉水利用效率和氮肥偏生产力有极显著性影响(P0.01)。樱桃植株的干周和新梢生长量随出水孔径和施氮量的增加而增加。W1处理下的樱桃平均干周生长量、新梢生长量和产量分别比W2处理高15.91%,18.72%和2.5%。W1N1处理的单果重和产量均最大,分别达到9.4g和13 077kg/hm2。综合考虑水肥协同效应、节水节肥及高产等多种因素,W1N1处理能兼顾生长、产量、水分利用效率和经济效益,是比较适宜的滴灌施肥水肥组合。     

樱桃采摘机器人设计——基于PLC高速并联自动化控制

为了降低樱桃采摘机器人采摘过程中的樱桃破碎率,提高机器人的工作效率,设计了一款新的基于模糊控制和高速并联自动化控制的机器人。该机器可以利用PC上位机对樱桃图像进行采集,并可以对图像进行二值化、膨胀腐蚀处理,从而成功地识别成熟樱桃;同时,可以使用模糊PLC控制方法对采摘机器人的响应角度误差进行控制。为了验证机器人的性能,使用樱桃采摘试验的方法对樱桃采摘机器人的性能进行了测试。结果表明:高速并联自动化控制的樱桃采摘机器人总体采摘时间有了明显的缩短,工作效率有所提高;通过模糊控制可以使采摘机器人角度的响应平稳地达到指定角度,且没有出现大的超调量,有利于樱桃的采摘,降低了破碎率。     

Effect of drought pretreatment before anthesis and post-anthesis waterlogging on water relation,photosynthesis, and growth of tomatoes

The effect of drought preconditioning before anthesis and post-anthesis waterlogging on water relation, photosynthesis, and growth was studied in tomatoes. Tomatoes were grown in pots and exposed to four treatments, whereby the plants were irrigated to 80% field capacity in T1 (control) and T2, 70% of the control (T3), and 50% of the control (T4). Drought was maintained for 30 days from 14 days after transplanting (DAT), and then the plants under T2, T3, and T4 were subjected to waterlogging at 60 and 80 DAT and lasted for 2 days. The results showed that drought pretreatments induced a decrease in leaf water potential, leaf insertion angle, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate. The stomatal closure and epinasty observed in response to drought pretreatment represented adaptive mechanisms to the followed waterlogging. The soil redox potential, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of un-pretreatment were dramatically decreased by post-anthesis waterlogging; however, T3 was found to effectively enhance tolerance to a waterlogging event by decreasing leaf insertion angle and increasing photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. Fruit quality and yield were deteriorated considerably by waterlogging. However, T3 caused less damage to fruit quality and yield by post-anthesis waterlogging compared to T2.     

Insights into the genetic diversity and evolution of Little cherry virus 1

Little cherry virus 1 (LChV‐1), a member of the recently proposed genus Velarivirus, is a sweet cherry pathogen that has been recently reported to infect other Prunus species and is associated with various plant disorders. In this work the incidence of the virus on its putative hosts and possible mechanisms driving its evolution were investigated. Due to problems encountered with LChV‐1 detection, a new nested RT‐PCR assay was developed and applied. The virus was found to be prevalent in cherry plantations in Greece and only occasionally detected in other Prunus species. Sequences corresponding to the partial RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), heat‐shock protein homologue (HSP70h) and coat protein (CP) genes were determined from Greek LChV‐1 isolates originating from different hosts; these were analysed, along with published homologous genomic regions from other isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the three genes revealed the segregation of four evolutionary distinct groups showing no host or geography‐based clustering. Mean genetic distances among the four groups were high with the CP region showing the highest divergence, although intragroup variability levels were low. Nevertheless, estimations of the mean ratio of nonsynonymous substitutions per synonymous site to synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (dN/dS) for the partial RdRp, HSP70h and CP indicated that these genomic regions are under negative selection pressure. Interestingly, a recombination event was identified at the 3′ end of RdRp on a Greek virus isolate, thus highlighting the role of this mechanism in the evolutionary history of LChV‐1.     

酸樱桃新品种‘奥德’

‘奥德’是从野生酸樱桃中经实生选种选育出的新品种。单果质量5.5 g,总糖为10.36%,总酸度为1.45%,可溶性蛋白质1.40%,果实出汁率达到85.2%。矮化,抗旱、耐盐碱、抗裂果、抗病虫性强,固地性强,已在陕西、甘肃、山西、河南、山东等地栽培。     

畦灌条件下樱桃树根系的空间分布特征

在对北京市永乐店农业节水灌溉试验站内的樱桃树根系进行详细调查的基础上,该文对樱桃树根系在根区范围内的空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,定植12a樱桃树的根系分布在以树干为中心250cm半径范围内,最大垂直深度为100cm。根系干质量、体积、表面积及根长各主要参数的总体分布是从表层开始随着土层深度的增加逐渐减少,从树干开始沿半径方向随着离树干距离的增加逐渐减少。根系各主要参数在各土层深度的分布百分比与其相应的土层深度均存在良好的指数相关关系。按照相关系数进行评价,相关程度按表面积(R2=0.9342)、根长(R2=0.9261)、体积(R2=0.9136)及干质量(R2=0.9050)的顺序逐渐减小。各采样单元内直径小于2mm的吸水根比例在35%～100%(平均68%)范围内分布。吸水根主要分布在以树干为中心200cm半径范围内,垂直方向从树干下方的60cm开始,逐渐减少到距树干水平200cm处的20cm左右,在树干周围半径为50cm和80～160cm范围是两个分布密集区。     

联合气调包装贮藏对樱桃保鲜效果的影响

采用冷藏条件下联合自发气调包装(CMP)方式贮藏樱桃进行了调查研究,结果表明,贮藏10天樱桃的呼吸强度为4.1 mgCO2/kg·h左右,腐烂率基本控制在10%以内.与纯冷藏相比,联合气调包装保鲜方式可以有效地降低采后樱桃的呼吸强度与腐烂率,有效地保持了采后樱桃的硬度,提高其耐贮性,经济效益显著.