杉木毛竹混交林土壤理化性状研究

对尤溪县梧园村毛竹纯林改造成毛竹混交林的土壤理化性质进行分析,结果表明:在0～20 cm土层中,杉竹混交林土壤的容重低于毛竹纯林,总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、通气度、孔隙度比都比毛竹纯林增加,杉竹混交林土壤的毛管持水量、最小持水量增加,土壤的保水能力增强;杉竹混交林土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、水解性氮、速效磷和速效钾含量比毛竹纯林增加,土壤的酸性得到改善。说明混交有利于改善土壤的通气透水能力,发挥林分水源涵养功能,有利于增加土壤养分及养分的有效化,从而有利于植物的生长。     

Growth,P uptake and rhizosphere properties of wheat and canola genotypes in an alkaline soil with low P availability

The aim of the present study was to assess the role of soil type on growth, P uptake and rhizosphere properties of wheat and canola genotypes in an alkaline soil with low P availability. Two wheat (Goldmark and Janz) and two canola genotypes (Drum and Outback) were grown in a calcareous soil (pH 8.5) at two P levels [no P addition (0P) or addition of 200 mg kg⁻¹ P as Ca₃(PO₄)₂ (200P)] and harvested at flowering or maturity. Shoot and root dry weight, root length and shoot P content were greater in the two canola genotypes than in wheat. There were no consistent differences in available P, microbial P and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of the different genotypes. Shoot P content was significantly positively correlated with root length, pH and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere. The microbial community composition, assessed by fatty acid methylester analysis, of the canola genotypes differed strongly from that of the wheat genotypes. The weight percentage bacterial fatty acids, the bacteria/fungi (b/f) ratio and the diversity of fatty acids were greater in the rhizosphere of the canolas than in the rhizosphere of the wheat genotypes. In contrast to the earlier studies in an acidic soil, only small differences in growth and P uptake between the genotypes of one crop were detected in the alkaline soil used here. The results confirmed the importance of root length for P uptake in soils with low P availability and suggest that the rhizosphere microbial community composition may play a role in the better growth of the canola compared to the wheat genotypes.     

粮油轮作中施肥对产量和土壤肥力的影响

采用田间定位方法连续4年研究钾肥、有机肥对产量和土壤耕层化学性质的影响,结果表明,油菜—夏玉米—冬小麦—夏玉米轮作连续4年施钾仍有显著的增产作用,玉米平均增产447kg/hm2,油菜240kg/hm2。有机肥对3种作物有显著增产作用,玉米平均增产538kg/hm2,油菜286kg/hm2,小麦353kg/hm2。夏玉米施有机肥比油菜、小麦增产显著,土娄土施有机肥土壤钾素收支基本平衡。     

封育对宁夏盐池县草地植物组成及群落复杂性的影响

[目的]定量评价封育对宁夏盐池县沙化草地植物组成及群落复杂性的影响,为半干旱区草地植被恢复与管理提供理论依据。[方法]对3种封育类型老、新封育区和对照区在2003—2013年样线与样方结合法进行植被调查,并用群落总复杂性、无序结构复杂性、有序结构复杂性3种指数来分析其复杂性特征。[结果]老封育区由黑沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)和刺沙蓬(Salsola ruthenica)群落逐渐演替为阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)群落,新封育区和对照区主要是黑沙蒿群落;新封育区和对照区的植被生物量与盖度大多年份高于老封育区;封育可增加无序与有序结构复杂性,进而增加群落总复杂性。[结论]长期封育降低了植被数量特征值;随封育年限的延长,群落复杂性指数约以5a左右为波动周期,说明适宜封育年限为5a。     

陕西省几种代表性土壤NH4+吸附、解吸动力学特征研究

采用连续液流法测定了五种土壤吸附、解吸ＮＨ＾＋４的动力学性质。研究表明：（１）ＮＨ＾＋４吸附、解吸平衡时间及反应速率，平衡时的吸附、解吸量及吸附平衡常数均随土壤粘粒和ＣＥＣ不同而变化；（２）不同动力学模型及同一模型对不同土壤的拟合性不同。     

太湖地区水稻土中的β-葡糖苷酶活性

The electrical conductivity （EC） of 1：5 soil-water extract （EC1：5） was studied utilizing path coefficient analysis. The study focused on revealing the main chemical factors contributing to EC of soil extracts and their relative importance. Results showed that the most important factors influencing the EC1：5 of coastal salt-affected soils were the concentration of salt in 1：5 soil-water extract （So）, Cl^-, and the sodium adsorption ratio （SAR）, while effects of pH, CO3^2-, HCO3^, soluble sodium percentage （SSP）, and sodium dianion ratio （SDR） were very weak. Though the direct path coefficients between EC1：5 and SO4^2- , Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, or Na^＋ were not high, influence of other chemical factors caused the coefficients to increase, making the summation of their direct and indirect path coefficients relatively high. Evidences showed that multiple regression relations between EC1：5 and most of the primary factors （So, Cl^-, and SAR） had sound reliability and very good accuracy.     

长期施肥对黄土丘陵区土壤理化性质的影响

根据18年的长期定位试验，探讨了不同施肥处理对黄土丘陵区栗褐土土壤容重、土壤结构、孔隙性、水分物理性质以及对土壤有机质和土壤氮，磷含量的影响。结果表明，长期施用有机肥有利于保持和改善土壤孔隙状况，促进水稳性团聚体的形成，提高土壤的透水性和持水能力。单施化肥与不施肥相比，土壤物理性质有所改善，但与初始值比较则变劣。有机肥与化肥配合施用，可减轻化肥对土壤物理性质的不良影响。长期不施肥土壤物理性质有恶化趋势。单施有机肥和有机无机肥配合施用可显著提高土壤有机质和氮、磷含量，有机无机肥配合施用效果更明显，单施化肥的效果不显著。     

Impact of crop production system on the content of macronutrients in potato tubers

ABSTRACT

The content of macronutrients in potato tubers arouses interest because of their substantial consumption in the world and significant role in elements' budget in human diet. The research objective has been to evaluate the content of macronutrients in tubers of potatoes grown in different systems of crop production in Poland. In 2012–2014, an experiment was conducted to test potato cultivation in three-crop production systems: conventional, integrated and organic. In each of the six-field crop rotation systems, there were five potato cultivars classified into different earliness groups. The following macronutrients in dry mass of potato tubers were determined: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S and Cl, and the various ratios between them were calculated. The research carried out proved that potatoes production systems affect the chemical composition of tubers, which is additionally modified by whether condition and genetic features of cultivars. Potato tubers from organic farming contained by about 20% less N than tubers from conventional or integrated systems. Potato tubers from organic production system displayed lower content of Ca and Na in comparison with the conventional and integrated systems. The least of P and S were detected in tubers of the potatoes grown conventionally.     

湘潭锰矿废弃地土壤特性与植物生长关系研究

对湘潭锰矿废弃地的土壤特性与植物生长调查进行的分析表明:与非矿渣废弃地相比,锰矿废弃地土壤物理结构极不均匀,大都不适宜植物生长发育;土壤呈中性,N、P含量较高,具备植物生长所必需的养分;但土壤中微量元素含量大都严重超标,往往会使植物中毒,甚至杀死植物。建议在生态恢复时首先覆土改良土壤结构,其次选择高抗性的植物品种,特别是耐Mn、Zn、Pb的植物品种。     

Effect of Application of Different Types of Organic Composts on Rice Growth under Laboratory Conditions

In the present study, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of two different kinds of composts: pea-rice hull compost (PRC) and cattle dung-tea compost (CTC) on rice growth. These composts differed in their nitrogen composition, as well as in their effect on plant height, number of tillers, dry matter yield and nutrient uptake (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)) of rice plants. Plants were cultivated in 1/5,000 Wagner pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, completely mixed with the composts (PRC 404 g; CTC 380 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM), respectively in the first crop. The residual effect of the composts was studied after the plants of the first crop were harvested. All the treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the roots, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, stalks, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. At the most active tillering and heading stages of the plants of the first crop, the number of tillers, dry matter yield and the amount of nutrients absorbed from the CHEM treatment were found to be higher than those in the other treatments. The values of the plant height, straw growth and nutrient uptake of the rice plants with the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the maturity stage. In the plants of the second crop, the values of the plant height, number of tillers, straw and whole plant yield and the N and K uptake from the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the heading and maturity stages. The chemical fertilizer was a fast-release fertilizer used to supply nutrients at the early stage of rice growth in the first crop. The beneficial effect of the composts on rice growth and nutrient uptake was conspicuous in the second crop, compared with that of routine treatment of chemical fertilizer.