2010年江苏省赣榆县冬小麦生长初期气象条件分析

冬小麦是江苏省赣榆地区广泛种植的作物之一,同时也是小麦栽培试验研究、品种改良、技术推广的重要基地。     

我国小杂粮生产现状与发展策略

分析我国小杂粮生产与出口现状,找出影响小杂粮生产可持续发展的制约因素及出口面临的主要问题,阐述了小杂粮生产可持续发展的资源优势和发展机遇,提出我国小杂粮生产与出口发展策略,对调整农业结构和优化种植布局、发展农村经济、增加农民收入、改善人民膳食结构都具有重要的意义。     

黑龙江省杂粮产业现状及发展对策

杂粮在我国未来农业可持续发展中具有举足轻重的地位。基于杂粮的这种不可或缺的重要性,本文综述了黑龙江省近年来的研究成果,概述了黑龙江省杂粮的种植特点,阐明了杂粮加工现状,介绍了杂粮进出口贸易情况,展望了黑龙江在杂粮领域的研究方向、发展趋势及相应对策,为以后的发展方向提供了合理化建议。     

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cereal plants infested with crown rot: their identity and their capacity for inducing production of VOCs in uninfested plants

When infested with Fusarium sp., the cereals Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol. cv. ‘Bombona’, Avena sativa L. cv. ‘Deresz’, and Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Rastik’ can emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The VOCs differ both qualitatively and quantitatively from those emitted by non-infested wheat, oat, and barley plants. We detected increased amounts of VOCs released by green leaves (green leaf volatiles – GLVs): (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, 1-hexyl acetate as well as the other VOCs like (Z)-ocimen, linalol, linaloloxide, benzyl acetate, indole, and β-caryophyllene. The lipoxygenase pathway resulted in the highest release of GLVs in comparison to the other biochemical pathways of volatile production. As a result of Fusarium infestation, the amounts of VOCs varied between tested cereals. We also subjected uninfested wheat, barley, and oat plants to infested wheat plants, and found that these cereals released larger amounts of VOCs compared to control plants. Emitted amounts of VOCs were significantly higher the shorter the distance between uninfested and infested plants.     

Animal manure slurries as a source of nitrogen for cereals; effect of application time on efficiency

Abstract. Field experiments undertaken at 14 sites, on a range of soil types, in lowland England, during the cropping years 1989–1993, tested the effectiveness of cattle or pig slurry as a source of nitrogen for cereal cropping. Slurry was applied in autumn, winter and spring, to autumn and spring sown cereal crops. Assessments included slurry nitrogen efficiency relative to N in spring applied fertilizer in terms of both grain yield and grain protein production, apparent crop recovery and content of mineral nitrogen in soil profiles. Crop response to nitrogen was poor at seven sites where high residues of soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) were present. On the seven responsive sites, spring slurry applications proved more efficient (mean 40%) as a source of N than autumn (mean 24%) or winter applications (mean 32%). These differences were smaller than reported in a number of other studies, probably as a result of relatively low excess winter rainfall, resulting in less nitrate leaching during the period of the investigation. Rapid incorporation into the topsoil of slurry applied in autumn, increased (28 kgN/ha) the SMN of samples taken early in the winter. However this increase did not lead to a consistent improvement in crop N uptake. Slurry dressings, whenever applied, can be expected to make a significant contribution to the N requirement of the succeeding crop and need to be taken into account when calculating the appropriate spring fertilizer application.     

Post-harvest Evaluation of Nitrogen Sufficiency for Small-grain Cereals by Measuring Grain Protein Concentration

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is an important and expensive input in small-grain cereal production, and growers therefore should aim to optimize its use. Possibilities for using grain protein concentration for post-harvesr evaluation of N sufficiency were determined in this study. Field experiments including spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), spong barley ( Hordeum vulgare L) and spring oats ( Avena sativa L.), and various rates of N fertilizer application were conducted in southern and western-Finland over 2 years. Grain yield and grain protein were positively correlated and firred quadratic regression models. Both critical and optimum levels for grain protein concentration were determined by Cate-Nelson analysis Critical values were 12.2 for wheat, 10.2 for barley and 10.9 for oats, and corresponding optimum values were 13.3, 11.1 and 12.7, respectively. The accuracy of the method was tested using results from on-farm spring wheat trials. The results indicated that N fertilizer uptake and grain yield were best in held where gram protein concentration exceeded the critical values but not the optimum. Growers should use more intensive N fertilization management if grain protein concentration does not exceed critical values. Grain protein concentrations above optimum values indicate over-fertilization for maximum grain yield. Analysing previous research data to identify the "critical level" of grain protein concentration is not difficult, and will provide powers, extension personnel, and fertilizer dealers with a cost effective means of evaluating the efficiency of N use by the crop and for developing N fertilization recommendations.     

An investigation of the relationship between soil mineral nitrogen in the autumn or spring and optimum nitrogen rate for winter cereals

Abstract. Data from 143 nitrogen (N) response trials on winter cereals carried out at sites across England during the period 1981–1988 were reviewed. Linear regression models for the relationship between optimum N requirements and soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) were evaluated. Multiple regression analyses and F tests were used to determine whether separate regression lines for different combinations of soil group and N Index, substituting for cropping history, were justified, and whether the additional terms used to account for SMN in the 30–60 cm and 60–90 cm depth bands significantly improved the regression model used to fit the data. The results indicated that optimum N requirement can be predicted from SMN 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm data. However, although the slope of the regression line does not change for different combinations of soil group and N Index, the intercept does. If no allowance is made for differences between sites which alter this intercept, the amount of variation in optimum N requirement accounted for by the regression models is considerably reduced. Factors which should be considered are mineralization of previous crop residues, organic manures and indigenous organic N, and the depth to which SMN is accessible by plant roots.     

The HMW Glutenin Subunit and Gliadin Compositions of German-Grown Wheat Varieties and their Relationship with Bread-Making Quality

An in vitro system for the initiation of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of spring- and winter-type rye has been developed. The optimal developmental stage of immature embryos to be used as explants is the late stage of spherical coleoptile when the tissue turns milky in colour and the coleoptile is enlarged but spherical. The type and concentration of auxin in the induction medium is of importance for obtaining high efficiency of somatic embryogenesis. CC-medium high 30 μM Dicamba resulted in well developed somatic embryos in large umbers. Positive effects on the efficiency, intensity and speed of development of somatic embryos have been observed by the addition of coconut water to CC-medium, replacing agar by agarose and culturing the explants in low light intensity. Following a “step by step” optimization, culture conditions have been defined giving rise to a 90—100% efficiency of somatic embryogenesis and a high number of regenerated plants.     

辽宁省朝阳地区八种小杂粮中必需微量元素的测定分析

采用微波消解法处理样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定辽宁省朝阳地区较为常见的八种小杂粮(玉米、黏米、高粱米、红豆、豇豆、苏立豆、燕麦和荞麦)中铁、锌、铜、锰、硒、钼、钴、铬、镍九种人体必需的微量元素含量。结果表明,朝阳地区杂粮中人体必需的微量元素含量丰富,半微量元素铁及微量元素锌、锰含量相对较高,同种样品中不同微量元素的差异较大;杂粮中豆类的钼、钴含量最为丰富,显著高于米类和麦类杂粮(P0.05),麦类杂粮中含有较为丰富的锰元素。该结果可为杂粮的营养价值评价及加工与利用提供科学依据,并对人们合理膳食具有一定的指导意义。