微晶纤维素的定向硫酸酯化修饰及其结构表征

为了构建具有不同取代模式的纤维素硫酸酯化学库,用以研究其构效关系,提出用定向硫酸酯化修饰微晶纤维素(MCC)的方法控制硫酸酯基在纤维素硫酸酯上的位置与分布.通过对MCC选择性酰氯酯化,向C-6引入大体积保护基团(CH3)3COC-,C-6被保护的中间产物经过硫酸酯化和脱保护基团反应,得到两种纤维素硫酸酯Na-MCS1和Na-MCS2,通过红外光谱、紫外 -可见光谱和13C NMR鉴定了中间产物和目标产物的结构,定量13C NMR揭示了Na-MCS1和Na-MCS2的硫酸酯基取代模式分别为C-6、C-2位同时取代和C-2位取代.     

纤维素酶催化水解和氧化机制的研究进展

人类对纤维素的开发与利用还非常有限,未能完全搞清天然纤维素的生物降解机制是其一个重要原因.自从C1-Cx假说提出以来,又有较多的降解理论出现对其改进,纤维素酶水解机制不能完全解释天然纤维素的降解,大量文献证实天然纤维素降解存在氧化机制.本文主要介绍水解与氧化机制中具代表性酶协同降解模型、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)协同作用假说、羟基自由基的氧化机制和纤维二糖脱氢酶途径等不同降解理论,将水解和氧化两种机制结合起来给出其降解途径,也许能够较为容易理解纤维素的降解具体过程.     

国内外水土流失与土壤退化现状及特点分析

土壤侵蚀是土地退化的主要原因,全球约有1 965.0万km2的面积受到各种形式土壤退化的影响,水土流失与土地退化给人类的可持续发展带来了巨大的压力。我国水土流失尤为严重,根据最新第2次水土流失遥感调查结果表明,全国现有的水土流失面积为356.0万km2。轻度水蚀区主要分布在东中部,中度水蚀区绝大部分在中西部,强度及以上的水蚀区主要在西部地区。严重的水土流失使生态环境不断恶化,加剧土地资源危机,已成为严重的社会问题。     

镍基和均相酸催化废弃木质素的溶剂热降解

采用热化学方法降解木质素生成单体和低聚体产物。通过改变溶剂和使用均相酸、镍基催化剂,促进木质素热降解,提高油收率,改善油品质。结果表明:在密封条件下,250℃反应1 h甲醇和水协同促进了木质素降解。水/甲醇/甲酸溶剂中反应的残渣率降低至14.9%,油收率提高至44.1%。添加均相酸HCl、H3PO4和非均相催化剂Ni、Ni/Si O2-Al2O3,促进了原料裂解,抑制了产物缩合,反应生成单体、二聚体为主的油产物。Ni/Si O2-Al2O3催化促进了不饱和脂肪烃的重整和含氧官能团的减少,油收率显著下降。Ni催化则能够同时获得更好的油品质和较高的油收率(41.7%)。     

疏水改性羧甲基纤维素及其在废纸脱墨中的应用

以DMAc为溶剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂,十二酰氯为反应试剂,对羧甲基纤维素进行疏水改性,制备表面活性剂十二烷基酯化的羧甲基纤维素(CMC-R)。羧甲基纤维素与十二酰氯的质量比为1∶0.4,反应最佳温度为60℃,时间5 h。将合成的纤维素基表面活性剂CMC-R应用于旧新闻纸(ONP)脱墨,结果表明,单独使用CMC-R能提高废纸浆白度2.2%(ISO),纸浆的残余油墨量减少457.66 mm2/m2,减少了29.4%。而CMC-R与非离子表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(JFC)复配后,白度较CMC-R单独使用提高2.13%(ISO),残余油墨量减少3.18%。     

Transgenic woody plants for biofuel

Transgenic trees as a new source for biofuel have brought a great interest in tree biotechnology. Genetically modifying forest trees for ethanol production have advantages in technical challenges, costs, environmental concerns, and financial problems over some of crops. Genetic engineering of forest trees can be used to reduce the level of lignin, to produce the fast-growing trees, to develop trees with higher cellulose, and to allow the trees to be grown more widely. Trees can establish themselves in the field with less care of farmers, compared to most of crops. Transgenic crops as a new source for biofuel have been recently reviewed in several reviews. Here, we overview transgenic woody plants as a new source for biofuel including genetically modified woody plants and environment; main focus of woody plants genetic modifications; solar to chemical energy transfer; cellulose biosynthesis; lignin biosynthesis; and cellulosic ethanol as biofuel.     

Bacteria inhabiting artificially inoculated xylem of Picea abies

Bacteria inhabiting the xylem of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karsten) were investigated. The trees had been wounded and artificially inoculated with fungi and bacteria obtained from wounds of naturally infected spruce. One and five growing seasons after inoculation the Gram‐negative bacterial population present in the stem of inoculated trees were analysed.

The Gram‐negative bacteria isolated from the trees were identified on the basis of morphological, biochemical and physiological tests and whole‐cell fatty acid composition. The predominant strains were Enterobacteriaceae fermenter strains (E. agglomerans or E. sakazakii), fluorescent and yellow pigmented Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Moraxella spp. All Gram‐positive bacteria were Bacillus species.

The Gram‐negative bacteria of Norway spruce differed from the Gram‐positive species in possessing stronger lipolytic activity and in their ability to utilize pine resins for growth. Gram‐positive bacteria were generally able to utilise cellulose and hemicellulose, whereas among the Gram‐negative bacteria only one xylanolytic (yellow Pseudomonas) strain was found.     

抗生素的高级氧化降解工艺与机理研究进展

介绍了高级氧化抗生素废水处理工艺,并综述了常见类型抗生素(β-内酰胺类、磺胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类)的降解机理。     

多酚羧酸合成功能高分子材料研究(I)——没食子酸与纤维素的酯化合成及产物功能特性试验

研究了以没食子酰基为功能性基团、纤维素为分子骨架的功能高分子材料的合成。将没食子酸先用醋酐进行乙酰化保护酚羟基,后与酰氯化剂SOCl2或PCl5反应,制得三乙酰基没食子酰氯,得率分别为80%和90%;再以吡啶为催化剂与纤维素进行酯化反应制得三乙酰基没食子酰纤维素;然后脱去乙酰基制得功能高分子化合物没食子酰纤维素,酯化率为43.6%。功能特性试验表明,该产物具有吸附结合明胶和络合Fe3+能力,在稀酸、醇和热水中稳定并可再生。1g干产物可结合明胶65.5mg,解吸率约98%;可络合Fe3+76.5mg,解吸率约98%。本研究为进一步研制可用于酿造过程的能结合蛋白质和络合金属离子的新型功能高分子材料奠定了技术基础。     

木质素降解菌的筛选及其纤维素酶基因克隆表达研究

以高效降解木质素为指标, 进行木质素降解菌的筛选和纤维素酶处理纤维材料的研究.通过测定14株白腐菌菌株在愈创木酚、苯胺兰和鞣酸培养基上生长状况和酶活分泌能力, 得到8株能产生阳性反应的菌株.以木质素和综纤维素失重的比值(SF指数)为指标, 对这几株菌进行复筛, 从中筛选出具有生长优势和强酶分泌能力的菌株平菇10969和侧耳WP1.与黄胞原毛平革菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium RP78和P.chrysosporium BKM-F-1767两株模式菌相比, 白腐菌具有良好的生长优势、强酶系分泌能力和降解的优势.从分离的白腐菌中克隆纤维素酶基因(egl2), 表达蛋白并测定酶活.用粗酶液处理不同的纤维材料, 结果表明, 其还原糖产量为综纤维素(酸解)>菌草(白腐菌处理)>未处理菌草.白腐菌的研究对草质资源的充分利用、污染物的降解、燃料乙醇的开发以及我国生态农业的持续发展等都有着重要意义.