氨基酸氯化消毒副产物的生成机理研究

氯消毒是造纸废水再生利用过程中常用的消毒方法,它可以有效杀灭病原微生物,但同时也会生成各种具有毒性效应的消毒副产物。消毒过程中氯会与水中含氮有机物发生反应,生成各种形式的副产物,对人体健康产生危害。作者选取了四类氨基酸为研究对象,对它们与氯反应副产物的生成机理分别进行了讨论。     

Characterization of New Zealand Hoki and Southern Blue Whiting Surimi Compared to Alaska Pollock Surimi

Representative commercial lots of surimi produced from the New Zealand fish species hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) and Southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis) were compared to that of Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) on the basis of functional properties and composition. Parameters studied included gelling response to preincubation and cooking for various times and to the addition of water and starch as well as frozen stability at -8°C. There were few species-related differences in response to the various treatments, although differences in absolute values of rheological parameters were noted. Surimi from the three species should be interchangeable with few or no modifications needed in the operating procedures of food manufacturers.     

Variety diversity effect on the chemical composition and dry matter degradation characteristics of residue and by-products of oil palm fruits

The materials palm press fibre (PPF), palm calyx (PCL) and palm oil sludge (POS) obtained from three varieties of oil palm: dura, oleifera and tenera were investigated for the effect of variety on their nutritive value. Analysis of proximate composition, cell wall fractions, some mineral concentration as well as in‐situ dry matter degradation in the rumen of steers were carried out. Significant effects of materials (i.e. PPF, PCL and POS) as well as variety (i.e. dura, oleifera and tenera) were noticed in all the parameters studied except sodium (Na) and organic matter (OM) components. Crude protein (CP) values in all the varieties were lowest in PCL (3.15–5.48%) and highest in POS (9.02–10.02%), while crude fibre (CF) values were highest in PCL (33.00–46.19%) and lowest in POS (3.15–5.48%). The upper and lower values respectively for CP and CF in the materials were in most cases for the tenera variety. The cell wall fractions (NDF, ADF, Lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) were all higher in PCL and lowest in POS. In the three varieties, POS had highest concentration of Mg (0.117–0.231 g/100 g), K (1.21–2.33 g/100 g) and Cu (75.07–87.34 mg/kg) but lowest content of Ca (0.016–0.089 g/100 g) while PPF had lowest concentration of Mg (0.031–0.039 g/100 g) and Cu (20.96–22.28 mg/kg). Iron (Fe, mg/kg) values were generally high, but highest in PCL (2015.41–4042.16). Dry matter degradability and effective degradability values were best in POS irrespective of the variety and least in PCL. Among the three varieties, dry matter degradation characteristics of tenera were the best and oleifera the least. Generally the residue and by‐products irrespective of the variety of oil palm they are obtained from can be ranked for their nutritive value as POS > PPF > PCL, while nutritive ranking based on variety is tenera > dura > oleifera. Conclusively, POS and PPF from any variety of oil palm could be adopted directly as feed resources for ruminant livestock, while PCL will require hydrolytic nutritive value enhancement treatment. Ruminant livestock will however be at an advantage if materials from tenera variety are fed.     

鱼肽的抗疲劳功能研究

用鲢鱼副产物中蛋白质酶解得到的鱼肽饲喂小鼠4周,小鼠运动后血乳酸的恢复速率比对照组提高25%(P<0.05);血尿素氮含量明显降低,运动后恢复期血乳酸恢复速率加快,游泳时间明显延长,说明水解鲢鱼副产物鱼肽具有抗疲劳作用。     

畜产品质量安全存在的问题及对策分析

当下畜牧产品质量安全事件接连不断发生,让人们对畜产品质量的安全更为关注,分析畜产品质量的影响因素,对目前畜产品的质量安全问题进行探讨,针对质量安全问题提出相应控制对策。     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Fish Processing By-Products as a Potential Source of Gelatin: A Review

ABSTRACT

The current practice of fish processing generates large amounts of by-products, which can account for up to three-quarters of the total fish weight. Despite the presence of several valuable components in the fish processing discards, the latter are usually dumped into landfills or at sea, having potentially harmful environmental effects or end up as low commercial value products (e.g., white fish meal). Still, fish processing by-products can be considered as an alternative raw material for the preparation of high-protein ingredients, especially for the production of food grade gelatin due to the presence of large amounts of collagen in fish skins, scales, and bones. Although fish gelatin is an alternative to the commercially available mammalian gelatins, its production on a large commercial scale has been hampered, mainly, due to the inferior quality characteristics compared to its mammalian counterparts. This review article summarizes and highlights the potential utilization of by-products generated during fish processing for gelatin extraction. Furthermore, several technical challenges and directions of ongoing research are discussed.     

Utilization of Shrimp By-Products by Bioconversion with Medical Fungi for Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Antioxidant

ABSTRACT

A liquid fermentation process to bioconvert shrimp by-products was developed with two species of fungi, Boletus edulis and Suillus bovinus. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, antioxidant activities of bioconverted products and the deodorization effect of fungal bioconversion were determined. Two species of fungi could grow quickly in shrimp by-products medium and deodorize shrimp by-products. Bioconverted products had higher ACE inhibitory and antioxidant activities than control medium. Water extracts without crude polysaccharides from mycelia of B. edulis had the highest ACE inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 0.084 ± 0.011 mg/mL). Crude exopolysaccharides of B. edulis had higher antioxidant activity. Bioconversion with the fungus was proven to be a novel, practicable way to recycle shrimp by-products.     

油棕的综合利用

叙述了油棕的主要产品棕榈油在餐饮业、食品制造业和工业上的应用,以及油棕副产品、油棕树的树叶、树干等的利用状态,并对油棕的综合利用进行了展望。