桃果深加工及其副产物综合利用研究进展

本文阐述了现阶段国内外主流桃果深加工制品的发展现状,分析了国内外对桃果果壳和桃仁等副产物的综合利用方式,并对我国桃产业发展前景进行了总结与展望。     

Rapid Determination of Carbon,Nitrogen, Silicon,Phosphorus, and Potassium in Sugar Mill By-products,Mill Mud,and Ash using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

This article describes a proof-of-concept exercise to examine the ability of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)–based methods to predict the major nutrient properties of sugar mill by-products, particularly mill mud, ash, and mixtures of mud and ash. Sixty mill mud, mixed mud/ash, and ash samples were subsampled three times and analyzed using traditional analytical techniques for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), silicon (Si), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), and the NIR spectra were recorded. Two different partial least squares (PLS) regression models were constructed, one using all samples and the other without the ash samples included in the model development. Three mud, one mixed mud/ash, and two ash samples were retained for predictive purposes and were not included in the model development process. R² values in the range of 0.77 to 0.98 were obtained for all constituents across both sets of PLS models. The standard errors of prediction (SEP) were similar for both models for N (0.10 and 0.08), P (0.17 and 0.16), and K (0.05 and 0.05). However, the SEP obtained for Si (3.53 and 1.04) and C (1.92 and 1.00) varied between the two models. These preliminary results are very encouraging. Future research will extend to robust NIRS calibrations for these nutrients and develop applications for their use within laboratory or field situations to permit nutrient monitoring in various sugar mill by-products.     

清末武汉的农副产品进出口贸易

清末中国陷入半殖民地半封建社会的深渊,中国的市场被卷入世界资本主义市场内,沦为西方列强的经济附庸,成为西方资本主义经济的原料产地和产品倾销市场,被迫向他们大量出口原料及土产品,并大批进口洋货。被称为九省通衢的武汉因这种进出口贸易变得极度繁盛,一跃成为当时仅次于上海的全国第二大城市,素有东方芝加哥之美誉。     

Effects of Different Dietary Cotton by-products Levels on Production Performance,Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Biochemical Indexes of Sheep

The study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary cotton by-products levels on production performance,nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical indexes of sheep.30 healthy sheep were chosen and randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 sheep per group. The feed of each group was that 50% formula concentrate feed was mixed with 50% wheat straw (control group),25% wheat straw and 25% cotton stalk (group Ⅰ),50% cotton stalk (group Ⅱ),45% cotton stalk and 5% cotton seed (group Ⅲ),and 40% cotton stalk and 10% cotton seed(group Ⅳ), respectively. The experiment lasted for 60 d. The result showed that:① The total weight gain and ADG of sheep showed a decreased with the increase of cotton stalk added proportion in the diets, and the total weight gain and ADG of group Ⅱ were significantly lower than group Ⅲ (P<0.05).② The concentration of NH₃-N was increased or decreased at different levels after adding different proportions of cotton by-products,and the TVFA and propionic acid concentration were not significantly affected (P>0.05).③ There was no significant difference of intake nitrogen, fecal nutrogen and uninary nitrogen among groups (P>0.05),but apparent digestibility of NDF and ADF showed a downward trend with the increase of cotton by-products added proportion in the diets,which were extremely significantly lower than control group (P<0.01).④ There were no significant differences among groups of the blood white cell count,red cell count,hemoglobin concentration,total protein,albumin,globulin,serum iron,sodium,chlorine and potassium content (P>0.05),but serum magnesium was significantly increased with increases of gossypol content in the diets (P<0.05). In conclusion,when the cotton by-products addition level in diets reaches 50% caused the free gossypol concentration in the feed more than 300 mg/kg, it would has certain negative effects on the production performance and health of sheep,and the cotton stalks add ratio in the diet should be controlled in the range of lower than 25%.     

甘蔗副产物的饲料化利用研究

为评估不同处理方式对甘蔗副产物营养品质的影响,科学利用甘蔗副产物提供依据。试验以甘蔗梢为原料,分别添加EM菌剂＋糖蜜、尿素、稻草、香蕉茎叶进行青贮30d后,测定其常规营养成分。结果表明,四组处理（EM菌剂蔗梢青贮组、尿素蔗梢青贮组、稻草蔗梢青贮组、香蕉茎叶蔗梢青贮组）均显著改善了蔗梢青贮品质。其中,EM菌液能有效提高粗蛋白、粗脂肪及磷含量,降低中性洗涤纤维含量;尿素能有效改善蔗梢青贮过程中氮素的不足,增加一定量的无机态氮素,平衡青贮过程中的碳氮比,有利于微生物发酵,从而提高了甘蔗青贮的粗蛋白,提高草食动物的消化利用率;利用甘蔗梢和稻草、香蕉茎叶分别青贮,可以有效提高青贮饲料的粗蛋白和钙、磷含量,有效降低酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量。     

金针菇加工副产物酶解及脱色工艺研究

金针菇在加工过程中会产生菌柄、菌盖、畸形菇等下脚料,多数未经处理而直接丢弃,既污染环境又造成极大的资源浪费。以金针菇下脚料为原料,采用复合酶法进行了金针菇酶解工艺研究,然后利用活性炭对酶解液进行脱色处理。结果表明,在最佳工艺条件下,金针菇加工副产物酶解液氨基酸含量达到30．08mg／100mL,酶解液脱色率为26．34％。     

Livestock Feed Marketing in Ethiopia： Challenges and Opportunities for Livestock Development

This paper presents the feed marketing systems of Ethiopia in terms of feed demand and supply, feed quality issues, feed prices and price trends based on qualitative data generated through rapid market appraisal methodology. The results indicate that, the demand for roughages, agro-industrial by-products （AIBP） and compound feeds is showing increasing trend. The use of feed from commercial sources is, however, very limited due to shortage of feed supply and inefficient marketing system. The AIBP mainly from flour and grind mills, oil processing plants and breweries are in short supply and directly marketed to user or through traders. Consequently, most of the exiting feed mixers/processing enterprises are operating under capacity estimated at about 20%-30%. The main marketed roughages, which are mainly cereal straws and baled hay, are also in short supply. Feed prices are increasing from time to time and mainly exacerbated by the increasing trend in export market of AIBP and double taxation in mixed rations. There is no any feed quality control or assurance mechanism in Ethiopia. Precaution needs to be taken in the area of taxation in order to avoid double taxation. Implications to improve the feed marketing systems and opportunities for livestock development are drawn.     

Spatial and Temporal Variation of PM10 Mass Concentrations within the Greater Area of Athens,Greece

The formation of chlorination by-products (CBPs) was investigated through bench-scale chlorination experiments with river water. The compounds selected for analysis belonged to the groups of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloketones and haloacetonitriles. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were the major species formed during chlorination, while haloketones and haloacetonitriles occurred at lower levels. The factors affecting the formation of these compounds were examined by two sets of experiments; the first with varying pH and reaction time, and the second with varying chlorine dose and temperature. Different effects of these factors were observed for different categories of CBPs, and in many cases, these effects were compound-specific, as confirmed by statistical analysis. Optimization of chlorination conditions in water treatment plants is a critical issue that should take into account the influence of chlorination parameters on the formation of individual CBPs.     

超临界CO2萃取联合超声处理对凡纳滨对虾虾头油脂提取效果的影响

凡纳滨对虾在加工过程中会产生大量的虾头等副产物，其含有丰富的蛋白和脂类等物质。以虾头为原料，研究不同超临界CO2萃取压力（15~35 MPa）、温度（35~55 ℃）、时间（30~150 min）对虾头中油脂提取率的影响，采用超声波联合超临界技术提取油脂，气相质谱仪测定挥发性风味物质。结果表明，在超临界CO2萃取压力为30 MPa，35 ℃提取120 min时，虾头中油脂提取率为38.03%，联合超声处理（功率2.5 kW、频率35 kHz处理20 min），提取率可提高至52.97%±0.95%。经气相质谱检测，从虾头油脂中共检测出22种挥发性成分，包含烷烃类、醛类、酯类、酸类等。超声联合超临界提取方式可为对虾加工副产物的利用提供新技术。