Chemical composition and in sacco dry matter degradability of residue and by-products of palm fruit processing in the rumen of steers

The nutritive value of residue (palm calyx leaves (PCL)) and by-products (palm press fiber (PPF) and palm oil sludge (POS)) of palm fruit processing were studied through analysis of their chemical components and degradability of their dry matter (DM) in the rumen of steers. Chemical analysis showed that the materials have similar organic matter components (mean = 95.2%), while crude protein (CP, g/100 g) and metabolisable energy (ME, MJ/kg DM) were highest in POS (10.02 and 9.43), followed by PPF (7.02 and 8.61) and least in PCL (5.42 and 8.04). An opposite trend of CP and ME was noticed in NDF and ADF contents, being 61.53 and 49.11% in PCL, 44.84 and 32.08% in PPF and 25.35 and 20.29% in POS. Mineral contents showed that PPF and POS had the lowest and highest concentration, respectively, of Mg (0.07 vs. 0.11%), Cu (58.5 vs. 143.9 mg/kg) and Fe (1374.5 vs. 4086.0 mg/kg). Dry matter degradation characteristics and effective degradability varied significantly ( P  < 0.05) and were consistently highest in POS and least in PCL. Results have generally shown that the residue and by-products could be ranked for their potential feeding value as POS > PPF > PCL. It is concluded that POS and PPF can be harnessed directly as feed resources for ruminant animals, while PCL will require some treatments to enhance its nutritive value in ruminants.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients in brewer's and rendered animal by-products for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum))

Two experiments were conducted to measure the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients, dry matter, and energy in by‐products of the brewing industry and in selected animal protein ingredients for rainbow trout. In experiment 1, 500 rainbow trout (average body weight 170.8±5.5 g) were stocked in ten 140‐L digestibility tanks with 50 fish per tank and two tanks per diet. Yttrium oxide was used as an inert marker in the diets. The high fibre content of brewer's dried grains (BDG) affected the ADCs of dry matter but not of protein or amino acids. Brewer's dried yeast had a higher protein content than BDG, but ADC values for protein and amino acids were significantly lower. The ADCs of phosphorus were similar among brewer's dried products. The BDG high‐protein, fraction had marginally higher ADC values for dry matter, protein and amino acids than regular BDG. Conditions in experiment 2 were similar to those in experiment 1. ADC values for spray‐dried porcine plasma were over 98% for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, and gross energy. ADC values for spent hen meal were higher than those of poultry by‐product meal or feather meal, with the exception of gross energy. However, spent hen meal was unpalatable. The ADCs in these ingredients were variable, and this variability must be taken into account when these ingredients are formulated into feeds for fish.     

Influence of the proportion of poultry slaughter by-products and of untreated or hydrothermically treated legume seeds in diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), on apparent digestibilities of their energy and organic compounds

Apparent digestibilities (D) of energy and proximate nutrients were determined in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), by stripping faeces and using Cr₂O₃ as a marker. When wheat gluten + L-lysine-HCl (WG-lys) as sole source of dietary N were increased stepwise from 324 to 941 g·kg^?1, replacing 210 g·Kg^?1 fish oil (FO) and 407 g·kg^?1 gelatinized corn starch (GCS), D of crude protein rose from 96 to 99% and that of FO was always above 96%. D of GCS was 70% at inclusions up to 210 g·kg^?1, but only 41 at 407 g·kg^?1. Three by-products of poultry slaughtering and three legume seeds replaced WG at levels of 250 and 500 g·kg^?1 in a basal diet of WG-lys, minerals and vitamins. Soy beans had been pressure cooked at one of two intensities, and field beans and fields peas were either untreated or had been autoclaved. D of energy and crude protein was hardly affected by dietary proportion in poultry blood mean (84 and 85%), poultry offal meal (80 and 81%) and incompletely pressure cooked soy beans (82 and 90%); increasing dietary proportions from 250 to 500 g·kg^?1 reduced the respective values of feather meal (88–81 and 86–83%), raw (43–32 and 76–70%) and autoclaved field beans (67–57 and 89–86%), as well as raw (47–39 and 86–83%) and autoclaved field peas (65–40 and 91–86%). At the higher proportion, D of energy of completely pressure cooked soy beans was reduced from 91 to 86%, but that of crude protein was constant at 94%.     

Evaluation of fisheries by-catch and by-product meals in diets for red drum Sciaenops ocellatus L.

This study evaluated various by‐catch and by‐product meals of marine origin with red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.). Four different kinds of by‐catch or by‐product meals [shrimp by‐catch meal from shrimp trawling, Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)) processing waste meal, red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)) head meal, and Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus (Ayres)) meal] were substituted for Special Select? menhaden fish meal at 33% or 67% of crude protein in diets formulated to contain 40% crude protein, 12% lipid, and 14.6 kJ digestible energy g^?1. Each of these diets and three additional diets consisting of shrimp processing waste meal formulated on a digestible‐protein basis and two Pacific whiting diets containing reduced levels of ash were also evaluated in two 6‐week feeding trials with juvenile red drum (initial weight of 4–5 and 1–2 g fish^?1 in trials 1 and 2). Red drum fed by‐catch meal at either level of substitution performed as well as fish fed the control diet; whereas, fish fed shrimp processing waste meal diets had significantly (P≤0.05) reduced weight gain and feed efficiency ratio values compared with the controls, even when fed on a digestible‐protein basis. The diets containing Pacific whiting at either levels of substitution and regardless of ash level supported similar performance of red drum as those fed the control diet. Fish fed the red salmon head meal diet fared poorly, probably owing to an excessive amount of lipid in the diet that became rancid. Overall, by‐catch meal associated with shrimp trawling and Pacific whiting appear to be suitable protein feedstuffs for red drum.     

新疆籽瓜副产物加工利用研究现状及前景

籽瓜是西瓜的分支品种,丰富的籽瓜资源是制作炒瓜子的主要原料。取籽后的籽瓜瓜皮和瓜瓤中含有大量的氨基酸、维生素和矿物质等营养成分,充分利用籽瓜废弃物有利于提高籽瓜产品的附加值。本文介绍籽瓜的营养成分,综述籽瓜副产物加工利用的研究现状,展望籽瓜及其加工产业的发展前景。     

低值水产品及水产副产品的加工与综合利用

低值水产品及其副产品通常经过简单加工后被作为饲料利用或直接作为废物丢弃,不仅造成资源浪费,而且造成对环境的污染。研究表明,利用高新技术,可以把低值水产品或水产品下脚料加工成功能性鱼油制品、新型鱼糜制品、海鲜调味品和营养丰富的水解鱼蛋白饲料等高附加值的产品,以及骨糊、硫酸软骨素和骨胶等功能性添加剂。这些产品的研究开发为低值水产品及副产品的加工利用提供了新的途径。     

无土栽培基质原料的改性方法综述

简述了专利申请文件中涉及的可用作无土栽培基质原料的农林工矿业副产品、废弃物种类,以及其作为无土栽培基质原料利用时进行改性的方法,并对该类物质资源化利用前景进行了展望。     

Energy wood resources availability and delivery cost in Northwest Russia

Availability of solid by-products from wood harvesting and mechanical wood processing was estimated as sources for energy production based on recent actual harvesting, sawmill, and plywood production in Northwest Russia at 30 million m³. Nearly 70% of the energy wood, 20 million m³, was from harvesting, consisting of non-industrial round wood, unused branches and tops, defective wood resulting from logging, and spruce stumps removed after final felling. Over 30%, 10 million m³, of the available volume was from sawmills and plywood mills, i.e. wood chips, sawdust, and bark. Due to current low utilization of energy wood for bioenergy in Northwest Russia, delivery cost of energy wood to the potential border-crossing points in Finland was analyzed for three means of transport: railways, roadways, and waterways. Nearly 28 million m³ of the energy wood could be transported by railways and 2 million m³ by roadways and waterways. The costs were lowest by roadways from the nearby border areas (10–15 €/m³ for wood processing by-products and 16–22 €/m³ for forest chips). The costs by railways varied from 12 to 27 €/m³ on shorter distances to 47–58 €/m³ on longer distances. Waterway transportation was the most expensive, about 28–48 €/m³. It should be emphasized that we have estimated availability and delivery costs of energy wood, not prices which are defined by the market based on supply and demand.     

青海林业产业发展情况分析与建议

详细论述了青海省林业产业的发展现状,分析了产业发展存在的4个主要问题;简述了青海林业产业发展面临的3大机遇,并简要分析了青海林业产业面临的3大挑战,在此基础上,提出了促进青海林业产业发展的4点建议。     

虾蛋白肽对蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响

研究和探讨了虾加工副产物的酶解产物（Enzymatic Hydrolysis Production,EHP）对蛋鸡产蛋率和蛋品质的影响。以虾加工副产物为原料,应用复合生物酶酶解技术制备EHP,选择产蛋率在80%以上的300日龄笼养褐壳蛋鸡288只,随机分成3组,在基础日粮中分别添加0、1.5g/100g、3g/100g虾加工副产物EHP,并替代相应重量的鱼粉,试验期为60天。EHP,可显著提高鸡蛋的哈夫单位（P〈0.05）,试验组蛋鸡产蛋率平均提高3.14%,料蛋比相应低于对照组。表明虾加工副产物EHP可显著提高产蛋高峰期过后处于衰减期的鸡蛋的哈夫单位及产蛋率。