浮性水产饲料膨化加工参数优化研究

为优化浮性水产饲料挤压膨化加工参数,以膨化度、容积密度、吸水性和溶失率作为饲料加工品质评价指标,采用响应面分析法研究了螺杆转速、出料段机筒温度和物料含水率对饲料加工品质的影响,并利用扫面电镜观测了饲料微观形貌。结果表明：适中的螺杆转速、出料段机筒温度以及低物料含水率,有利于形成较高的饲料膨化度;高螺杆转速与高出料段机筒温度有利于形成较低的饲料容积密度、吸水性以及溶失率;优化后的浮性水产饲料膨化加工参数为螺杆转速130 r·min^-1,出料段机筒温度150 ℃,物料含水率10%,其加工后的饲料膨化度、容积密度、吸水性和溶失率分别为1.223、0.398 g·mL^-1、214.803%、4.297%;优化后的浮性水产饲料微观表面相对光滑圆润,物料的熔融效果较好,结构质密,饲料膨化加工综合质量较好。     

不同种源华山松花粉形态变异与生活力分析

【目的】研究不同种源和不同无性系华山松花粉形态的区别,以及不同贮藏条件下花粉生活力的差异。【方法】以6个种源18个无性系的华山松花粉为试材,对其花粉全长、体长、体高及气囊的长、宽、高等形态指标进行测量与分析,同时利用染色法对室温及4,-20℃下贮藏0,10,20,30和90 d的华山松花粉生活力进行测定。【结果】花粉形态大小在不同种源和无性系间均存在极显著差异(P0.01),对于不同种源,花粉全长、体高、体长均以楚雄紫溪山种源最高,昆明宜良种源最低;气囊长、宽、高均以大理巍山种源最高,保山腾冲种源最低。对于不同无性系,花粉全长以楚雄紫溪山93号无性系最大((63.09±10.95)μm);花粉体高以昆明宜良96号无性系最大((45.06±7.06)μm);花粉体长以楚雄紫溪山74号无性系最大((49.73±8.98)μm);花粉气囊的长度以大理巍山46号无性系最大((50.34±7.34)μm),气囊的宽度、高度均以大理巍山50号无性系最大((26.02±4.93)和(30.07±5.13)μm)。不同种源间,以楚雄紫溪山种源花粉形态各指标的平均变异系数最大(17.32%),昆明宜良的变异系数最小(14.65%);在花粉各形态指标中,以气囊高变异系数最大(19.15%),花粉全长变异系数最小(13.70%)。当贮藏时间为0 d时,不同种源和无性系华山松鲜花粉生活力均保持在90%以上,贮藏温度为-20℃时花粉能保持较高的生活力,贮藏90 d时花粉活力明显低于贮藏10 d时,但仍均保持在50%以上。【结论】种源及无性系的不同对华山松花粉的形态变异存在一定程度影响;-20℃为华山松花粉最适贮藏温度,花粉生活力随贮藏时间的增加而下降,但其耐贮藏性较好。     

生物质能在密集烤房上应用现状和发展方向

为探究烟叶密集烘烤中经济性和实用性较强的生物质能源,笔者归纳了当前密集型烤房上使用较多的气体、液体、固体生物质能源的应用现状,在总结了3种生物质能源对烟叶烘烤质量影响和能源转化设备技术成熟度的基础上,依据经济性和实用性分析了3种生物质能在密集烤房上应用所具有的优势和局限。最后得出固体生物质颗粒燃料是当前和今后密集烤房应用前景中最好的一种生物质能,指出未来应从加强原料配方研究、持续提升颗粒燃料燃烧机技术改进、并融入大农业物联网技术以实现精准烘烤。     

高山油菜花粉黄酮提取工艺研究

采用超声波结合复合酶液对高山油菜花粉进行破壁预处理后,以95%的乙醇提取花粉中黄酮,研究提取温度、时间和固液比对破壁高山油菜花粉黄酮得率的影响,筛选适宜的提取工艺。结果表明,超声波酶解处理时间60 min即可使油菜花粉破壁率达到90%以上;通过正交试验确定最佳提取工艺条件为：提取温度95 ℃,时间2 h,料液比1∶35 (g/mL),此时高山油菜花粉黄酮得率高达7.65%。     

A pollen extender medium technology for seedless watermelon production by pollination with soft X-ray irradiated pollen

The inactivation of pollen by soft X-ray irradiation and subsequent artificial pollination are time-intensive practices used in the production of seedless watermelons (Citrullus lanatus L.). Watermelon generally has a lot of staminate flowers; however, they only have a small amount of pollen. Watermelon pollen cannot be used in pollination under the present situation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine which is the most effective pollen extender medium for cultivation of watermelon with soft X-ray irradiated pollen. In this experiment, ‘Agar,’ ‘Marriage powder,’ and ‘Sekishoshi’ (Lycopodium dyed red with safflower pigment) were used as extender media with soft X-ray irradiated pollen at equal or twice the weight of the pollen. When ‘Sekishoshi’ was used as an extender medium, fruit set was very low. A lot of deformed fruit was produced when agar was used with the pollen. On the other hand, when ‘Marriage powder’ was used in equal proportions with the pollen, fruit set was about 70% and, moreover, Brix was high. Thus, the mixture of ‘Marriage powder’ with an equal amount of pollen was the best for use in actual cultivation. We conclude, then, that soft X-ray irradiated pollen in an extender medium can be effectively adapted for producing seedless watermelons.     

丹参开花与繁育特性研究

 通过田间观察和人工授粉等方法, 对丹参( Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. ) 的开花生物学和繁育特性进行了初步研究。结果表明: 丹参为无限开花植物, 总状花序上通常有两性花近50朵, 单花花期5～7d, 从花前2 d到开花6 h花粉活力和柱头可授性都较大, 两者有效可遇期约为1.5 d, 可同花自交; 丹参自交结实和自然结实主要是通过同株异花传粉获得; 结合花粉/胚珠比、杂交指数以及繁育处理的结果认为,丹参不存在无融合生殖, 繁育类型为兼性异交, 自交亲和, 需要传粉者; 传粉媒介主要是蜂类。初步推断丹参为常异花授粉植物, 并对丹参育种中适宜采用的杂交方法及育种途径进行了探讨。     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

栽培稻种间近等基因系杂种育性研究

 为了研究亚洲栽培稻与非洲栽培稻种间杂种不育的遗传基础，以亚洲栽培稻品种WAB56-104为测验种与来自种间回交组合WAB56-104/CG14//WAB56-104///WAB56-104的14个种间近等基因系测交，对亲本及杂种的花粉及小穗育性研究表明，这14个近等基因系带有来自非洲栽培稻品种CG14的3个互不等位的配子消除位点和2个互不等位的花粉不育基因位点, 其中至少有2个配子消除位点未曾报道过。     

田间条件下水稻根系分布及其与土壤容重的关系

 采用大田和筒栽方法研究了超高产三系杂交稻协优9308和两系杂交稻两优培九在穗分化期和开花期根系生长和分布及土壤容重对根系分布的影响。结果表明，在田间条件下，土层15 cm内水稻根系占根系总量的89%～98%，深层根系丛间比丛中比例高。不早衰的协优9308根系生长量较两优培九大。土壤容重提高，根系总生长量下降，且深层根系的量和比例下降。就深耕法对水稻根系生长和分布的影响进行了讨论。     

Meiotic chromosome behavior in allotriploid cultivar of Lifium hybrids.

采用细胞遗传学方法,对Longiflorum×Asiatic系列异源三倍体百合‘Bonsoir’（2n=3x=36）小孢子母细胞减数分裂进行了研究和分析。结果显示,有64．31％的花粉具有活力,且有活力的花粉大小范围在986．33-3491．68μm2之间,并呈双峰分布。形成败育花粉的主要原因如下：高度不规则的染色体配对、落后染色体、染色体桥、不均等分离、微核等现象。另外,减数分裂中期Ⅱ纺锤体的异常定向导致了末期Ⅱ二分体和三分体的形成,产生未减数的配子,如融合纺锤体和三极纺锤体;但平行纺锤体和垂直纺锤体不参与未减数配子的形成。一些小孢子母细胞在胞质分裂过程中未形成细胞板,导致单分体的形成以及二分体和三分体的增加,提高了未减数配子的颛率。通讨对小袍子发毕讨稃中各种观象的观察．对异源=倍体百合存畜种申的府阳讲行讨论．