药隔期低温胁迫对小麦干物质积累、转运和分配及产量的影响

为探明药隔期低温胁迫对小麦产量的影响,以烟农19、新麦26为供试材料,在小麦药隔期进行不同程度(T1:2℃/4h、T2:0℃/4h、T3:-2℃/4h)的低温处理,研究药隔期低温胁迫对小麦干物质积累、转运和分配及产量的影响.结果 表明:药隔期低温胁迫显著降低小麦干物质积累量,不同抗倒春寒性小麦品种间干物质积累量存在差异,抗倒春寒性弱的小麦品种降幅更大.其中烟农19的T1、T2、T3处理分别降低33.4％、46.2％和54.7％,而新麦26则分别降低了50.1％、59.3％和72.4％.不同处理小麦籽粒、穗轴+颖壳、茎鞘+叶的干物质积累量均低于CK,且随着低温胁迫程度的加重呈明显降低趋势.小麦花前干物质的转运量、转运效率以及花前贮藏干物质对籽粒的贡献率均随着低温胁迫程度加重呈降低趋势.同时低温胁迫显著降低小麦籽粒和穗轴+颖壳的干物质分配比例,增加茎鞘+叶的分配比例.T1、T2和T3处理显著降低了小麦的穗粒数和千粒重及籽粒产量,烟农19的T1、T2和T3处理分别减产56.06％、86.36％和98.10％;新麦26的T1、T2和T3处理分别减产96.15％、98.07％和98.46％.药隔期低温胁迫显著降低小麦干物质的积累量、花前干物质的转运量、转运效率以及花前贮藏干物质对籽粒的贡献率和籽粒干物质分配比例,严重减少光合同化物向穗部的转运和分配,影响穗部小花的正常发育,从而导致穗粒数的减少,这是造成小麦减产的主要原因.     

西双版纳阳春砂仁生产中面临的问题及对策

根据西双版纳阳春砂仁生产中品种退化、低产和与热带雨林生物多样化保护的矛盾等问题,提出了在最适宜区种植砂仁,进行规范化种植、集约化管理,统一加工、打造品牌,提高单产、减少种植面积的对策。     

Comparative productivity of Prosopis cineraria and Tecomella undulata based agroforestry systems in degraded lands of Indian Desert

Tree-crop interactions were monitored by measuring tree growth characters of Prosopis cineraria L. and Tecomella undulata L. and yields of Vigna radiata (L) in agroforestry systems in degraded lands of Indian Desert. Potential competition for resource between the trees and associated crop was analyzed by measuring soil water contents, soil organic matters and NH₄-N at different depths of soil layers i.e., 0–25 cm, 25–50 cm and 50–75 cm in the experimental plots. The plots size were 16 m × 18 m (D₁), 20 m × 18 m (D₂) and 32 m × 18 m (D₃) with tree densities of 208, 138 and 104 trees·ha⁻¹ after June 2002, respectively. Results showed that tree height increased by 3% to 7% during June 2002 to June 2004. Collar diameter increased by 30% and 11% in D₁, 23% and 19% in D₂ and 18% and 36% in D₃ plots, respectively, in P. cineraria and T. undulata in two years period. The increase in crown diameter was 9% to 18% in P. cineraria and 11% to 16% in T. undulata. Tree growth was relatively greater in 2002 than in 2003. Yield of V. radiata increased linearly from D₁ to D₃ plots. Lowest soil water content at 1 m distance from tree base indicated greater utilization of soil water within the tree rooting zone. Concentrations of soil organic matters and NH₄-N were the highest (p<0.05) in 0–25 cm soil layer. P. cineraria was more beneficial than T. undulata in improving soil conditions and increasing crop yield by 11.1% and thus more suitable for its integration in agricultural land. The yield of agricultural crop increased when density of tree species was appropriate (i.e., optimum tree density), though it varied with tree size and depended upon resource availability. The result indicated bio-economic benefits of optimum density of P. cineraria and T. undulata over traditional practices of maintaining random trees in farming system in arid zones. Biography: G. Singh (1961– ), male, Scientist E and Head, Division of Forest Ecology, Arid Forest Research Institute, New Pali Road, Jodhpur-342005, India.     

Increased grain yield and biomass allocation in rice under cool night temperature

Abstract

The effects of different night temperatures on grain yield were examined in rice (Oryza sativa L. Akita-63) during the ripening period. Plants were grown under two different night temperatures (22 and 27°C) from anthesis to harvesting. The day temperature was maintained at 27°C in both treatments. Although the final biomass at harvest did not differ between the treatments, the dry weight of the panicles was significantly greater in the cool night temperature treatment. This increase in panicle weight was associated with increases in the 1000-kernel weight and the ratio of filled spikelets. Although panicle respiration in the high night temperature treatment decreased to almost zero just after the cessation of grain filling, the net CO₂ fixation rate per day in the whole plant in this treatment tended to be higher, and this was associated with a higher level of starch accumulation. After grain filling, the starch content decreased and the final dry weight of other plant parts, including dead organs and new tillers, was greater in the high night temperature treatment. Thus, the noted decline in yield at the high night temperature led to changes in carbon allocation to new sinks for vegetative reproduction at the whole plant level. From these results, we considered the possibility that a cool night temperature tends to favor carbon allocation to panicles, resulting in higher yield.     

Using composted wheat residue as a growth medium in culture of tomato

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different growing media on some properties of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum L. cv. Falcato). Four growing media including wheat residue, composted wheat residue, coco peat + perlite, and coco peat + soil were applied in pot experiment with completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that fruit yield, chlorophyll, and vitamin C contents of tomatoes grown in the composted wheat residue and coco peat + perlite treatments were significantly greater than the other growth media. Fresh weight of root and inflorescence were higher in the tomatoes cultivated in the composted wheat residue pots than the other media. Higher internode length and nutrient concentrations in leaf and fruit at the coco peat + perlite treatment were obtained as compared to the other growth media treatments. According to the results, it can be concluded that the coco peat + perlite can be substituted for by composted wheat residue for the cultivation of tomato.     

枯萎病对海岛棉产量因素及相关指标的遗传分析

以海岛棉抗病材料06-146和感病材料新海14的杂交群体为材料,考察了该群体的亲本、F1以及F2～F2∶5代家系,借助方差分析得到了枯萎病对其农艺性状和产量相关性状的影响。结果显示,随着病级的增加,株高、果枝数等性状低于对照,并且与产量相关性状下降明显。表现出了海岛棉枯萎病的致萎缩及减产的危害。运用相关分析和主成分分析,考察了病级与海岛棉产量因子之间的关系。结果显示,海岛棉产量与病级呈显著的负相关,同时与果枝数和株高呈负相关,也反应出枯萎病对海岛棉具有减产的作用。     

中卫市沙坡头区中低产田类型及改良利用

简述了宁夏中卫市沙坡头区中低产田的主要类型,针对中低产田土壤结构差,保水保肥能力弱,水、肥、气、热协调不良的现状,提出:应采取调整种植业结构,增施有机肥,秸秆还田及推广测土配方施肥等综合措施,因地制宜地进行科学改良与利用。     

不同种植方式对玉米产量的影响因素分析

不同的种植方式得到玉米的产量是不同的,合理的种植方式能大幅度提高玉米的产量,实验证明合理密植是最好的种植方式,对此进行讨论和验证。     

几个常规水稻新品系产量比较研究

以辽宁省盐碱地利用研究所优势育种室最新育成的30份水稻新品系为试验材料,选用辽宁省目前主栽水稻品种辽粳9号和盐丰47为对照进行了产量比较试验。结果表明:参试的30个水稻材料中,有10个品系产量表现比较突出,其中P8、P10、P11、P9、P13和P25性状表现更加突出。建议表现优良的品系参加升级试验,优良性状结构可作为选种参考。     

苯噻酰·吡嘧防除稻田杂草对田间光照和水稻产量的影响

采用田间试验和仪器测定分析方法研究了40.3%苯噻酰.吡嘧泡腾颗粒剂对水稻田间主要杂草的防除效果、杂草防除后田间不同高度层的透光率变化以及水稻产量的变化。结果表明,施用40.3%苯噻酰.吡嘧泡腾颗粒剂能有效控制水稻田间杂草,对稗草、异型莎草、鸭舌草的综合密度防效为91.56%～99.80%,综合鲜重防效为93.02%～99.82%;施用40.3%苯噻酰.吡嘧泡腾颗粒剂后,水稻田间的透光率显著提高,有效改善了田间光照条件,增产效果显著。40.3%苯噻酰.吡嘧泡腾颗粒剂防除稻田杂草的推荐剂量为241.8～483.6 g/hm2。