Contamination and browning in tissue culture of Platanus occidentalis L.

Twigs of 2–3-year-old Platanus occidentalis L. were used as experimental material to find the causes for the contamination and browning in the initial stages of tissue cultures. To compare the degree of browning of explants picked off from different growing seasons, the experimental material was excised from trees on each of the first ten days in January, March, May and July, 2006. The results indicated that the contamination and browning rates of the material cut off in January (14.2% and 30.6%, respectively) and March were somewhat lower than those in July. The pretreatment of soaking the explants in different anti-oxidants and absorbents at the same time could diminish some side effects. The pretreatment of using 10 g·L–1 vitamin C reduced the contamination and brown-ing rate effectively. An orthogonal experiment showed that the optimal factor and level arrangement is 0.5 mg·L–1 BA, 2.0 g·L–1 ac-tive carbon and 1.5 g·L–1 PVP which resulted in a browning rate of only 16.5%. In general, sampling period, physical properties and pretreatment of explants are the main factors responsible for the contamination and browning of material in the initial stages of P. occidentalis tissue cultures.     

抗褐化剂对荻外植体褐化和愈伤组织生长的影响

以荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)幼穗和诱导出的愈伤组织为材料探讨抗褐化剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、抗坏血酸(Vc)、柠檬酸(CA)对外植体和愈伤组织抗褐化作用,以及愈伤诱导率及愈伤生长速度的影响。结果表明,3种抗褐化剂都能抑制外植体和愈伤组织褐化,并提高愈伤组织诱导率。添加0.2g/L PVP时荻外植体的褐变程度最低,0.2g/L CA时愈伤组织诱导率最高,为91.1%,向愈伤组织继代培养基中添加0.2g/L的Vc愈伤组织重量增加倍数最高,为21.38倍,且愈伤组织褐化率低为25.8%。     

热激处理对甜柿外植体总酚含量和PAL、PPO、POD活性的影响

甜柿在组织培养过程中极易褐化,为了防止褐变,在培养之前应对外植体进行热激处理。文中研究了热激处理后的宝华甜柿叶片在培养过程中其酚类物质含量和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化情况,并对热激处理抑制组培褐变的生理机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明:热激处理后,宝华甜柿叶片的褐变程度比没有处理的明显减轻,其总酚含量与苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)及多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均有所降低,但热激处理对其过氧化物酶(POD)活性的抑制效果并不明显,说明热激处理通过降低外植体的PAL及PPO活性,抑制酚类物质的合成及氧化,减少了褐变产物——醌类物质的形成,从而有效抑制了褐变现象的发生。     

Effects of grape seed extract on meat color and premature browning of meat patties in high-oxygen packaging

This study investigated the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on fresh and cooked meat color and premature browning (PMB) in ground meat patties (85% beef and 15% pork back fat) packaged under high-oxygen modified atmospheres (HiOx-MAP).  The GSE was added to patties at concentrations of 0, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g kg^–1.  This study evaluated the surface color, pH, lipid oxidation, and total viable counts (TVC) of raw patties, and the internal color and pH of patties cooked to a temperature of 66 or 71°C over 10-day storage at 4°C.  Compared with the control (0 g kg^–1 GSE), GSE improved the color stability (P<0.05) and significantly inhibited the lipid and myoglobin oxidation of raw patties from day 5 to 10, but GSE had no effect (P>0.05) on TVC.  Patties containing 0.50 and 0.75 g kg^–1 GSE cooked to 66°C exhibited greater (P<0.05) interior redness than the control and reduced the PMB of cooked patties in the late storage stage.  These results suggested that 0.50 and 0.75 g kg^–1 GSE can improve fresh meat color and minimize PMB of HiOx-MAP patties.     

无核白绿葡萄干清洗前后酚类物质变化及其与酶促褐变的关系

【目的】分析无核白绿葡萄干清洗前后酚类物质含量变化及其与酶促褐变的关系,为研究葡萄干清洗褐变机理提供理论依据。【方法】检测无核白绿葡萄干清洗前后酚类物质的含量变化,分析酚类物质与葡萄干多酚氧化酶反应的活性变化,判断参与酶促反应的底物,采用相关性方法,分析影响葡萄干清洗褐变的主要酚类物质。【结果】无核白绿葡萄干清洗前后有质量变化的酚类物质有槲皮素、儿茶素、咖啡酸、山奈酚、P-香豆酸、绿原酸、阿魏酸、原儿茶酸、香草酸、龙胆酸、芥子酸、丁香酸、没食子酸。其中槲皮素、绿原酸、咖啡酸、P-香豆酸、山奈酚、儿茶素为葡萄干清洗前后参与酶促褐变的主要酚类物质。【结论】无核白绿葡萄干清洗前后,葡萄干褐变度与槲皮素,咖啡酸,山奈酚,儿茶素含量呈显著性相关。     

草菇多酚氧化酶基因的克隆与表达分析

【目的】解析草菇多酚氧化酶基因家族序列信息,明确其特征和表达模式。【方法】通过转录组测序找出含有酪氨酸酶结构域的基因,并根据搜索得到的序列设计引物,以不同发育时期的草菇 v26 菌株,以及草菇蛋形期外菌膜、菌盖、菌柄等不同组织为材料提取 RNA,经反转录为 cDNA,扩增获得草菇多酚氧化酶基因序列。采用在线生物信息学网站预测草菇多酚氧化酶的理化性质。采用 RT-PCR 的方法,检测草菇不同发育时期和不同组织部位多酚氧化酶的表达模式。【结果】获得 4 个草菇多酚氧化酶基因家族的 CDS 序列,依次命名为 VvPPO1、VvPPO2、VvPPO3、VvPPO4,其中 VvPPO1 CDS 全长 1 596 bp、编码 531 个氨基酸,VvPPO2 CDS 全长 2 685 bp、编码 894 个氨基酸,VvPPO3 CDS 全长 1 593 bp、编码 530 个氨基酸,VvPPO4 CDS 全长2 067 bp、编码 688 个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,4 个基因编码的蛋白均含有 2 个铜离子结合区,为亲水性蛋白;RT-PCR 结果显示,4 个基因在草菇发育的菌丝期、原基期、蛋形期、成熟期均有表达,VvPPO1、VvPPO3 和VvPPO4 的表达量在子实体时期高于菌丝期,在蛋形期 VvPPO1 和 VvPPO4 在外菌膜的表达量比在菌柄和菌盖中的表达量高。【结论】在草菇中搜索得到 4 个多酚氧化酶基因,均含有 2 个铜离子结合区,4 个基因在各个发育时期均有表达。     

低糖果酱的褐变控制与营养保持

为解决低糖果酱在加工、储存过程中易褐变、营养成分VC损失较大的问题,采用正交试验探讨了天然抗氧化剂的应用对多酚氧化酶活性和VC保存率的影响。结果表明:0.3%茶多酚、0.3%壳聚糖、0.4%植酸和0.3%EDTA复合抑制剂对抑制褐变和提高果酱中VC的保存率效果显著。生产出的果酱色泽、风味和营养等方面表现良好。     

农杆菌介导美味猕猴桃基因转化影响因素研究

[目的]建立美味猕猴桃叶片外植体转化体系,为猕猴桃遗传转化研究奠定良好基础.[方法]以美味猕猴桃组培苗叶片为材料,研究不同浓度乙酰香酮（AS）对外植体β-葡萄糖苷酸酶基因（GUS）瞬时表达阳性率的影响,及暗培养时间与抗褐化剂二硫苏糖醇（DTT）、聚乙烯呲咯烷酮（PVP）对外植体褐化、抗性芽诱导的影响.[结果]仅在侵染菌液中添加AS时,100、150、200 μmol/L AS 3个处理的外植体GUS阳性率均极显著高于对照,分别为14.6％、16.7％、10.7％;而当农杆菌侵染液与共培养基中同时添加100～150μmol/L AS,可使GUS瞬时表达阳性率提高至37.9％.选择培养初期经过2～12 d暗培养后,外植体褐化率不断下降,抗性芽诱导率不同程度提高,其中以暗培养6、8d处理的褐化率相对较低,分别为33.2％和30.6％,且相应的抗性芽诱导率最高,分别为14.2％和13.1％,极显著高于其他处理与对照.在分化培养基中添加1.0～2.0 g/L的DTT并暗培养6d的效果优于对应浓度的PVP;其中1.5 g/L DTT并暗培养6d,可使外植体褐化率降至13.4％,卡那霉素抗性芽诱导率提高至24.3％.卡那霉素抗性植株叶片GUS染色与PCR扩增结果显示,ShivaA基因已转化至美味猕猴桃秦美.[结论]AS不同使用方式及其浓度对叶片GUS瞬时阳性表达率的提高具有明显影响;选择培养初期进行暗培养6～8 d或暗培养结合添加1.0～2.0 g/L DTT抗褐化剂,均可降低美味猕猴桃叶片转化芽再生过程中的褐化,提高转化效率.     

外源乙烯处理对黄冠梨果皮褐变和货架期品质的影响

为了避免黄冠梨果实在低温贮藏（0 ℃左右）条件下果皮褐变的发生,该研究采用5、20和100 μL/L外源乙烯对黄冠梨进行贮前处理,以0 ℃贮藏下无外源乙烯处理作为对照组,以采后恒温至30 ℃、逐步降温至0 ℃处理作为程序降温组。通过外源乙烯处理组与对照及程序降温组的对比,探讨采后外源乙烯处理对黄冠梨果皮褐变与果实品质的影响。结果表明,不同浓度的外源乙烯处理均能完全抑制褐变的发生,且表皮无伤害,而程序降温组的发病指数为10%,对照组则高达37.6%。货架期结束时（6 d）外源乙烯处理组的果实硬度与对照组差异显著（P < 0.05）。外源乙烯各处理组果实含水率均高于对照及程序降温组（P < 0.05）,利用低场核磁共振技术检测发现对照组自由水含量最高,5和100 μL/L外源乙烯处理组自由水含量较低。与对照组和程序降温组比较,外源乙烯处理对黄冠梨果实中可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性糖和抗坏血酸等果实品质指标都能起到提高或者维持的效果,其中5 μL/L处理浓度的效果较优。研究结果表明,贮前外源乙烯处理是一种既能抑制黄冠梨果皮褐变又能保持果实货架期品质的高效、简便的技术。     

Role of type II innate lymphoid cells in browning of white adipose tissue

Type II innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are widely distributed in the blood, intestines, trachea, lung, spleen, liver, animal fat and skin, and involved in the innate immune responses. ILC2s have attracted much attention for its important roles in the conversion of white adipose to beige adipose. Studies have shown that ILC2s are essential for the proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte precursor cells, and they also play a vital role in anti-parasitic infection and allergic inflammation. This review discusses the discovery, differentiation, development, distribution and function of ILC2s, and their relationships with the browning of white adipose tissue for providing valuable references on understanding the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of obesity and fat metabolism disorders.