混施微生物菌剂和有机肥对‘新红星’苹果解袋后果实品质的影响

以5年生‘新红星’苹果果树为试材,探究不同施肥处理(T1,有机肥;T2,微生物菌剂+有机肥;T3,微生物菌剂;CK,对照)对‘新红星’苹果解袋后果实内在品质、呼吸速率、乙烯释放率、果实硬脆性及相关酶和基因表达的影响。结果表明,与传统单一施肥相比,施加含微生物菌剂的有机肥显著提高了果实可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比。解袋后0~12 d果实呼吸速率及乙烯释放速率显著上升,12~15 d趋于平稳。果实解袋后第9、12、15 d,T2组果实可溶性固形物含量相对于CK组高出2.63%、5.89%、8.78%;可溶性糖高出6.89%、6.71%、12.86%;糖酸比高出15.85%、19.25%、17.08%,且差异显著。施加含微生物菌剂的有机肥处理(T2)显著提高了果实的总香气含量,其含量相对于CK、T1、T3组分别高出16.69%、9.06%、6.25%。混施微生物菌剂和有机肥有利于解袋后苹果果实着色,使果皮细胞排列紧密整齐,对提升果实脆度,减缓果实硬度下降具有重要作用。细胞壁关键酶果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性在解袋后一直处于上升状态,其中T2组PME、PG活性及MdPME、MdPG表达量均低于CK组,因此果实在解袋后保持较高的硬脆度。综上所述,混施微生物菌剂和有机肥(T2)对提高‘新红星’苹果果实品质及延长货架期具有重要作用。     

Rachis brittleness in a hybrid–parent barley (Hordeum vulgare) breeding germplasm with different combinations at the non-brittle rachis genes

Two dominant, closely linked and complementary genes, Btr1 and Btr2, control rachis brittleness in barley. Recessive mutations in any of these genes turn the fragile rachis (brittle) into a tough rachis phenotype (non-brittle). The cross of parents with alternative mutations in the btr genes leads to a brittle F₁ hybrid that presents grain retention problems. We evaluated rachis fragility through a mechanical test and under natural conditions, in F₁ crosses with different compositions at the btr genes. Brittleness was significantly higher in Btr1btr1Btr2btr2 crosses compared to hybrids and inbred parents carrying one of the mutations (btr1btr1Btr2Btr2/Btr1Btr1btr2btr2). This fact could jeopardize the efficient harvest of hybrids bearing alternative mutations, reducing the choice of possible crosses for hybrid barley breeding and hindering the exploitation of potential heterotic patterns. Furthermore, non-brittle hybrids showed higher brittleness than inbreds, suggesting the presence of other dominant factors affecting the trait. In conclusion, this work encourages a deeper study of the genetic control of the rachis brittleness trait and urges the consideration of rachis tenacity as a target for hybrid barley breeding.     

Two independent gene loci controlling non-brittle pedicels in buckwheat

The shattering habit in buckwheat occurs because of brittle or weak pedicels. Brittle pedicels are observed in wild buckwheat but not in cultivated buckwheat. Using 2 self-compatible lines, 01AMU2 with brittle pedicels and Kyukei SC2 (KSC2) with non-brittle pedicels, produced by an interspecific cross between Fagopyrum esculentum cv Botansoba (non-brittle) andF. homotropicum (brittle), we investigated the inheritance of brittle pedicels. F₁ plants derived from crosses between Botansoba × 01AMU2 and Botansoba × KSC2 had brittle pedicels. The F₂ population derived from the cross between Botansoba × 01AMU2 showed segregation of brittle and non-brittle pedicels that fit the expected 3:1 ratio, suggesting that non-brittle pedicel in Botansoba is controlled by a single recessive gene (sht1). Another F₂ population, derived from the cross between Botansoba × KSC2, showed segregation of brittle and non-brittle pedicels that fit an expected ratio of 9:7,suggesting that non-brittle pedicel in KSC2is controlled by a different single recessive gene (sht2). Thus, brittle pedicel is achieved by 2 complementary genes Sht1 and Sht2. The sht1 locus is linked to the S locus with a recombination frequency of5.46±1.18 (%). We investigated whether common buckwheat has the allele sht2by crossing 6 common buckwheat lines withKSC2. An analysis of the preliminary data showed that some of the F₁ had brittle pedicels and others had non-brittle pedicels, suggesting that some common buckwheat lines possess both the allelesSht2 and sht2. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The effects of homoeologous group 3 chromosomes on grain colour dependent seed dormancy and brittle rachis in tetraploid wheat

`Langdon' (LDN), a durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) cultivar, and a set of chromosome substitution lines of Langdon, where A or B genome chromosome were replaced with a homologous chromosome of wild emmer wheat, T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (DIC), were used to assess the effect of the specific chromosome on seed dormancy in tetraploid wheat. The LDN(DIC 3A) and LDN (DIC 313) lines showed significantly lower seed germination than Langdon. It appears that LDN(DIC 3A) and LDN(DIC 3B) have red grain whose allele were designated as R-A1b and R-B1b, respectively and the rachises of LDN(DIC 3A) and LDN(DIC 3B) were fragile. The alleles for brittle rachis were designated as Br ₂ for LDN(DIC 3A) and Br ₃ for LDN(DIC 3B). From the F₂ of the crosses, Langdon/LDN(DIC 3A) and Langdon/LDN(DIC 3B), Br ₂ was located approximately 44.2 cM from the R-A1b locus and Br ₃ approximately 47.0 cM from the R-B1b locus, respectively. Recombinant inbred chromosomal lines for 3A and 3B were used to assess (1) the linkage relationship between grain colour and fragile rachis, and (2) the effect of grain colour on germination. Estimated distance between R-B1b – Br ₂ was 39.6 cM. For the 3A population, germination percentage of both colour groups was 12.4% for the red grain group and 68.6% for the amber group, respectively. For the 3B population, germination percentage of the red group was 7.3% and that of the amber group was 82.1%. For both populations, differences were statistical significant by t-tests. We considered that seed dormancy of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides was dependent on grain colour. It raised the possibility that brittle rachis is due to a paralogous gene set on homoeologous group 3 chromosomes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Modulated expression of ion transporters may be responsible for manganese deficiency in brittle leaf disease affected date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) trees

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an economically important and widely cultivated palm from the Arecaceae family. In Tunisia, date orchards are being decimated by a disease called brittle leaf disease of unknown origin. In this study we carried comparative mineral element analysis in healthy and affected trees from three oases. The identification of three metal transporter families (NRAMP, ZIP and MTP), making use of whole genome sequences of date palm. We identified 32 gene models for the three ion transporter families. Phylogenetic analysis led to the identification of putative orthologs of Arabidopsis and rice landmark genes. The expression patterns of gene models from each family were investigated in brittle leaf disease affected date palm trees from the three investigated oases, results showed that the expression of putative manganese transporters was modulated by the disease and especially in affected roots.     

袋装莴笋护绿与保脆的研究

莴笋经去皮、切分、护绿、保脆、调味、袋装和杀菌等工序加工成一种即食小菜.采用极差分析研究后,最佳的护绿和保脆条件,且对过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的钝化以及产品质量控制方面也进行了一定的研究.     

水稻显性脆秆突变体Bc18的鉴定和基因定位

从三交组合Ⅱ-32B//协青早B/Dular的F₂群体中获得了1个脆性突变体,整个植株表现全生育期脆性。根据该突变体的表型,将其命名为Bc18(Brittle culm 18)。为了更好地鉴定该突变体,用正常茎秆强度品种中9B作轮回亲本与Bc18杂交,创制了Bc18脆秆近等基因系中脆B和中9B。表型鉴定显示,突变体Bc18在生育期、株高、单株穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重等主要农艺和产量性状上与野生型中9B 无显著差别,但茎、叶的机械强度分别下降了70.70%和47.16%。细胞壁组分分析表明,突变体Bc18茎、叶的纤维素和木质素含量与野生型中9B 无显著差异,但半纤维素含量分别提高了31.84%和17.35%。6个杂交组合F₂和12个回交BC₁F₁群体的遗传分析证明Bc18 脆性突变由单显性基因控制。采用图位克隆技术,构建了Bc18/02428和Bc18/9311的F₂定位群体,并利用网上公布的SSR标记和新设计的InDel标记,最终将Bc18基因定位在第1染色体长臂端InDel标记PBC22与PBC33之间约154 kb的区间内。     

Cytological and Microsatellite Mapping of the Gene for Brittle Rachis in a Triticum Aestivum-Aegilops Tauschii Introgression Line

Summary Aegilops tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. (2n = 2x = 14, DD), a wild relative of wheat has been considered to be a valuable source of variation for improvement of cultivated wheats. However, undesirable genes can be incorporated into the cultivated varieties from wild relatives. The spontaneous spike shattering caused by the brittle rachis character is of adaptive value in wild grass species, but not in cultivated varieties. The rachis of R-61, which was derived from the cross of T. aestivum cv. Bet Hashita with an accession of Ae. tauschii, was brittle. Using telosomic stocks, the brittle rachis gene Br ⁶¹ (tentatively designated) of B-61 was located on the short arm of chromosome 3D and the distance of Br ⁶¹ to the centromere was 31.9 cM. The distance of Br ⁶¹ from the centromeric marker Xgdm72 was 25.3 cM on the short arm of chromosome 3D. The location of Br ⁶¹ was similar to Br ₁ whose location was determined by telosomic mapping and microsatellite mapping. Discrepancy of disarticulation type was found between R-61 and Aegilops tauschii suggesting that the recombination around the regions of Br ₁ locus and Br ^t locus created the wedge type disarticulation of R-61.     

特异水稻脆茎突变体生物学特性及生物质降解效率的研究

水稻脆茎突变体是一种重要的种质资源。为研究该突变体在能源作物培育中的利用潜力,比较分析了10个突变体及其野生型品种日本晴(NPB)在物理特性、细胞壁组成、农艺性状、生物质降解效率等方面的差异。结果表明:水稻脆茎突变体生长发育正常,但茎秆抗张力和株高低于NPB;茎秆细胞壁纤维素含量降低,半纤维素含量增高,木质素含量增加不显著。细胞壁合成关键基因转录水平的变化与细胞壁组成一致。此外,水稻脆茎突变体的单株穗重与NPB差异不显著,有效穗数增加,生物质产量增加,抗倒伏性显著增强,秸秆易粉碎且在酸、碱预处理及纤维素复合酶酶解条件下的产糖量及纤维素降解效率显著高于NPB。这些特异水稻脆茎突变体的表型优势揭示出其在水稻秸秆利用中的应用潜力,它们可以用于高产、生物质高效降解水稻品种的培育。