Soil Organic Carbon,Black Carbon,and Enzyme Activity Under Long- Term Fertilization

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon （SOC）, black carbon （BC）, enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK （two-fold NPK）, NPK＋manure （NPKM）, and CK （no fertilization）, N, 90 kg urea-N ha^-1 yr^-1; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P205 ha^-1 yr^-1; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K20 ha^-1 yr^-1; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios （BC/SOC） ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.     

Carbendazim sensitivity in populations of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex infecting strawberry and yams in Hubei Province of China

The ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a devastating plant pathogen with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. Carbendazim has been widely used to control anthracnose caused by the C. gloeosporioides complex in China for more than 30 years and resistance to carbendazim has been reported in China. A total of 125 Colletotrichum isolates of strawberry and yam were collected from different geographical regions in Hubei Province, China. Approximately 52.8% of Colletotrichum spp. isolates showed resistance to carbendazim. The isolates tested in this study belong to four species, and the frequencies of resistant isolates differed across Colletotrichum species. Resistant isolates were found in C. siamense and C. fructicola. In contrast, all isolates of C. gloeosporioides and C. aenigma were sensitive to carbendazim. Highly carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the E198 A mutation in the β-tubulin 2(TUB2) gene, whereas moderately carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the F200 Y mutation in the TUB2 gene. Carbendazim-sensitive Colletotrichum isolates in this study were not genetically similar enough to form a separate cluster from resistant isolates. The result of this study emphasizes the importance of knowing which Colletotrichum sp. is present, when strategies for disease control are made.     

东北黑土区旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳、全氮的变化特征

【目的】分析东北黑土区旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳、全氮含量及其密度和~(13)C、~(15)N自然丰度值的动态变化,探讨旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳(氮)的固定能力及其稳定性,揭示旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳(氮)的演变规律,为东北黑土的合理利用和培肥提供理论依据。【方法】结合野外实地调查,选择典型黑土区旱田土壤(种植大豆年限大于60年)和改种不同年限的稻田土壤(3、5、10、17、20和25年,旱田改稻田前种植历史基本相同,均为大豆),利用稳定同位素分析技术,研究旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳、全氮的动态变化特征。【结果】旱田改稻田25年间,在0—60 cm土层,土壤有机碳和全氮含量的变化趋势均表现为:在改种的前3年迅速下降,降幅分别为13.60%—43.27%和10.40%—40.60%,在3—25年间随改种年限延长呈逐渐增加的趋势,且在20—60 cm土层出现累积,但在3—5年期间增加幅度较大,在5—25年期间增加较为缓慢,在改种17—25年期间,稻田土壤有机碳和全氮含量均高于旱田土壤;0—60 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮密度的变化趋势与其含量的变化趋势大致相同,在改种的3年间0—60 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮密度分别降低了26.53%和21.89%,在改种5—25年间0—60 cm土层稻田土壤有机碳和全氮密度均大于旱田土壤,增幅分别为9.87%—21.48%和10.2%—19.3%;旱田改稻田后,土壤全氮与有机碳的变化密切相关,土壤全氮与有机碳的含量、密度之间均呈显著线性正相关关系(P0.01)。在0—60 cm土层,土壤δ~(13)C值在改种的3年间明显上升,在3—25年间随改种年限延长呈逐渐下降趋势,且大于5年的稻田土壤δ~(13)C值均低于旱田土壤,而土壤δ~(15)N值在改种的25年间随改种年限延长呈逐年下降趋势,各年限稻田土壤δ~(15)N值均低于旱田土壤,相同年限土壤的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值均随着土层加深而增大;0—40 cm土层土壤δ~(13)C值与土壤有机碳含量之间呈显著线性负相关关系(P0.01),但各土层土壤δ~(15)N值与土壤全氮含量之间则无显著相关性。【结论】东北黑土区旱田改稻田大于5年后,稻田土壤具有明显的固碳(氮)能力,稳定性碳(氮)在20—60 cm土层累积;改种稻田年限小于5年,应注重有机碳(氮)的补充,以维持和提高土壤有机碳(氮)水平。     

两个玉山黑猪不同三元杂交组合猪生长性能、胴体品质及肉质特性的研究

以长×杜玉、大×杜玉各18头为研究对象,在同样条件下饲养至平均体重90 kg,然后每组挑选3公3母进行屠宰测定试验,研究比较2个杂交组合肥育猪日增重、料重比、胴体品质和肉质特性。结果表明:两组合各方面性能差异不明显,但大×杜玉日增重、料重比、瘦肉率等方面性能占优势;两组合肌肉都具有鲜红的肉色、良好的持水性能。研究结果显示:大×杜玉杂交组合在生产上具有一定优势,是玉山黑猪较好的杂交方式。     

基于逆向工程的汽车车身前翼子板重建技术

逆向工程技术是一项具有广泛应用前景的高新技术,可以迅速、精确、方便地获得实物模型的三维数据及模型,为产品设计提供了先进的产品开发、设计及制造的途径。以车身前翼子板为例,利用非接触式三维扫描仪获得车身的点云文件,利用geomagic-studio软件对点云进行曲率和点距取样,得到计算机能够处理的点云数据,将点云文件进行降噪等处理,生成曲面,对曲面进行光顺等一系列的处理,获得B级曲面。     

应用日本和牛改良本地黄牛效果的研究

为了提高我国本地黄牛生长性能和胴体品质,引进日本和牛冷冻精液,采用级进杂交的方法,实现和牛与本地黄牛杂交,产生第一代杂交牛.再用日本和牛冷冻精液给第一代杂交母牛人工输精,得到第二代杂交牛.对第一代和第二代杂交牛的生长性能和胴体品质进行了测定.结果显示第一代和第二代杂交牛的初生重、体尺、体重要高于本地黄牛(P＜0.05)...     

冻融作用对猪粪模拟施肥条件下东北黑土中重金属铜锌活性的影响

随着规模化养殖场的发展和饲料添加剂中Cu和Zn的添加, 畜禽粪便中重金属Cu和Zn含量较高, 通过畜禽粪便施肥可能造成土壤重金属污染。畜禽粪便施肥和冻融作用均可能影响土壤中重金属的活性, 进而改变土壤重金属的环境效应。本文针对东北气候特点, 通过实验室模拟, 研究了猪粪施肥和冻融作用对黑土中重金属Cu和Zn活性(可交换态和碳酸盐结合态)的影响。结果表明:同未施肥的对照比, 猪粪施肥初期, Cu和Zn的可交换态含量均明显增加, 而Cu和Zn的碳酸盐结合态含量则略有下降;同低施肥量比, 高施肥量下, Cu和Zn的可交换态含量略有增加, 而Cu和Zn的碳酸盐结合态含量下降;同施肥初期比(1周), 随施肥时间延长(1个月)土壤中可交换态Cu和Zn含量下降, 而碳酸盐结合态Cu和Zn含量增加;高低不同施肥量相比, 高施肥量下可交换态Cu和Zn含量均高于低施肥量, 而碳酸盐结合态Cu和Zn含量则低于低施肥量;随冻融温度下降, 土壤中可交换态Cu和Zn含量、碳酸盐结合态Cu和Zn含量均显著增加, 且在高施肥量下的含量均大于低施肥量。由此可见, 猪粪施肥和冻融作用对黑土中Cu和Zn活性均有不同程度的影响, 总的看是随施肥量的增加和施肥时间的延长, 黑土中Cu和Zn活性不同程度地下降, 但冻融作用可以使猪粪施肥的黑土中Cu和Zn的活性增加, 且随冻融温度下降Cu和Zn活性增加的幅度增大。     

产胞外多糖的黑鲷肠道乳酸菌的分离鉴定及其生物学特性

通过常规鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,从黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)肠道中分离鉴定出1株明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)乳酸菌菌株;该分离株对酸、胆盐、蛋白酶具有良好耐受性,但对温度耐受能力较差;分离株培养上清液对哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)、溶藻弧菌(Vibrio algnolyticus)、副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)的抑菌圈直径为1.12～1.22 cm,不同培养时间的抑菌效果差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);分离株在培养24、32、40、48和56 h时的胞外多糖质量浓度为167.24～184.45 mg·L-1,不同取样时间的胞外多糖质量浓度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);灌服胞外多糖20 d后黑鲷血液的红细胞、白细胞数量和血红素浓度、淋巴细胞比率均显著升高(P＜0.05).综上,该分离株为产胞外多糖的明串珠属乳酸菌,可作为开发海水鱼用微生态制剂的候选菌株.     

具有双线性感染率和免疫接种SIRS模型分析

根据传染病动力学,建立了一类具有双线性感染率和免疫接种的SIRS传染病模型.利用微分方程定性和稳定性理论,讨论了平衡点的性态和全局渐近稳定性,得到了一些新结果.     

针刺对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经功能缺损及 梗死面积的影响

〔摘要〕目的探讨针刺大椎、百会、人中穴对脑缺血大鼠神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死面积比的影响、方法参照 ZeaLonga线拴法复制大脑中动脉缺血模型(MCAO), 40只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、针刺穴位组(即穴位 组,穴取大椎、百会、人中)、针刺对照点组(即对照点组,穴取大椎、百会、人中左侧旁开0.3 cm处),6次针刺后,观 察神经功能缺损评分及1`TC染色检测梗死面积比评价、结果与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠神经功能缺损评分、梗 死面积比明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而对穴位组、对照点组能不同程度地降低神经功能缺损评分,减少 梗死面积,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05 , P<0.01),且穴位组优于对照点组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05 )〔结论针刺大 椎、百会、人中穴可通过改善神经功能的缺损,减少脑梗死面积从而对脑具有保护作用、