糯玉米对烟嘧磺隆除草剂的抗性研究

对甜、糯玉米自交系及其组配的杂交种对烟嘧磺隆抗性表现进行比较分析。结果表明,在糯玉米种质中存在抗除草剂基因型,利用抗性材料进行杂交组合的组配可提高杂交种对除草剂的抗性,且糯玉米敏感基因型的药害反应与甜玉米不同,糯玉米中可能存在不同的抗性基因。研究明确糯玉米进行抗烟嘧磺隆种质筛选的药剂浓度与建议浓度一致,对杂交种抗除草剂鉴定采用1.5倍建议浓度,调查除草剂药害的最适时间在药剂处理后10～15 d。     

表面活性剂辅助-凝固-漂浮分散液-液微萃取-高效液相色谱法检测葡萄酒中4种三嗪类除草剂残留

建立了表面活性剂辅助-凝固-漂浮分散液-液微萃取-高效液相色谱(SA-DLLME-SFO-HPLC)法检测葡萄酒中西玛津、莠去津、特丁津和扑草净4种三嗪类除草剂残留的分析方法。考察了萃取剂的类型、萃取剂和表面活性剂的体积、萃取时间和盐效应等对萃取效率的影响,确定最佳萃取条件为:20 μL十一醇作为萃取剂,2 μL 0.25 g/L的Tween-20水溶液作为分散剂,萃取时间10 min,氯化钠的质量浓度为250 g/L。结果表明:西玛津、莠去津、特丁津和扑草净的线性范围为0.008~5 mg/L,检出限分别为2.4、1.8、2.0和2.8 μg/L,富集倍数在24.5~32.4之间。在0.008、0.08和2.4 mg/L添加水平下,西玛津、莠去津、特丁津和扑草净在葡萄酒中的回收率在84%~102%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)在2.1%~6.9%之间。该方法可用于葡萄酒中西玛津、莠去津、特丁津和扑草净残留量的测定。     

Weed control with selected herbicides in acetolactate synthase-resistant sorghum

The recent development of grain sorghum hybrids with resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides has allowed for the use of several post-emergence applied (POST) ALS-inhibitors to control weeds in the crop. Field experiments were conducted at four sites in Kansas in 2008 to evaluate the efficacy of nicosulfuron and nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied alone or in combination with dicamba, metsulfuron methyl, and atrazine. All POST treatments slightly injured sorghum 2 weeks after treatment (WAT) at Garden City and Hesston, whereas at Hays and Manhattan, only treatments that included dicamba caused injury. Nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied alone provided 41, 83, 74, and 93% control of grasses 4 WAT at Garden City, Hays, Hesston, and Manhattan, respectively. However, to obtain the highest level broadleaf weed control, nicosulfuron or nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron need to be applied with other broadleaf herbicides. POST treatment of nicosulfuron + metsulfuron methyl + dicamba + atrazine provided 90% or greater control of all broadleaf weeds at sorghum flowering. Sorghum grain yield was greater following all herbicide treatments compared with the weedy check. The POST treatment that provided the highest yield at Garden City was nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron + atrazine, whereas in Hesston and Manhattan, nicosulfuron + metsulfuron methyl + dicamba + atrazine provided the highest yields. This research showed that many grasses can be effectively controlled with POST applications of nicosulfuron or nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron in ALS-resistant sorghum. The research also indicated that broadleaf weed control is greater when nicosulfuron or nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron are applied with other broadleaf-control herbicides such as dicamba, metsulfuron methyl, and atrazine.     

The increasing importance of herbicides in worldwide crop production

Herbicide use is increasingly being adopted around the world. Many developing countries (India, China, Bangladesh) are facing shortages of workers to hand weed fields as millions of people move from rural to urban areas. In these countries, herbicides are far cheaper and more readily available than labor for hand weeding. History shows that in industrializing countries in the past, including the United States, Germany, Japan and South Korea, the same phenomenon has occurred—as workers have left agriculture, herbicides have been adopted. It is inevitable that herbicide use will increase in sub‐Saharan Africa, not only because millions of people are leaving rural areas, creating shortages of hand weeders, but also because of the need to increase crop yields. Hand weeding has never been a very efficient method of weed control—often performed too late and not frequently enough. Uncontrolled weeds have been a major cause of low crop yields in sub‐Saharan Africa for a long time. In many parts of the world, herbicides are being increasingly used to replace tillage in order to improve environmental conditions. In comparison with tillage, herbicide use reduces erosion, fuel use, greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient run‐off and conserves water. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

稻田除草剂对固氮蓝藻的毒性研究

通过4种稻田除草剂对固氮鱼腥藻(AnabaenaazoticaLey)、球胞鱼腥藻(AnabaenasphaericaBorn)、多变鱼腥藻(AnabaenavariabilioKutzing)的毒性进行了研究。结果表明,二甲四氯对3种藻的生长有促进作用,而丁草胺和乙草胺在低浓度(8mg·L-1以下)表现为促进,当浓度为16mg·L-1时,则显著抑制其生长,且高浓度时对3种藻产生较强毒性,处理96h时的EC50值分别为12.87、25.36、20.21mg·L-1及50.52、18.37、45.43mg·L-1。3种藻对扑草净极为敏感,在低浓度时其生长受到严重抑制,继而迅速死亡。因此选择对固氮蓝藻安全的稻田除草剂,对维护稻田生态、促进农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

福建地区直播稻田禾本科杂草防控药剂及其使用浓度筛选

为有效控制福建地区直播稻田禾本科杂草的危害,以莆田市仙游县游洋乡的水稻种植基地为试验点,选择测定1%噁嗪草酮悬浮剂、10%双草醚悬浮剂和20%氰氟草酯油悬浮剂等3种除草剂对稗草、千金子等禾本科杂草的防治效果,筛选确定最佳除草剂及其理想的田间使用浓度。结果表明:20%氰氟草酯油悬浮剂是防治直播稻田中稗草、千金子等禾本科杂草最佳的除草剂,田间推荐使用浓度为45~105g·hm-2(有效成分)兑水675L·hm-2,药后30d防治效果达均可80.00%以上,无药害产生,对水稻安全。     

吉林狗尾草种群对烟嘧磺隆抗性水平和靶标抗性机理初探

为明确吉林省玉米田狗尾草Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.对烟嘧磺隆的抗药性水平和抗性分子机理,测定了两个抗药性狗尾草种群R1、R2和一个敏感种群S对烟嘧磺隆的抗药水平,并检测了不同种群间乙酰乳酸合成酶(acetolactate synthase,ALS)基因序列差异。结果显示:R1、R2种群抗药性指数分别为21.8和23.9。扩增狗尾草ALS基因序列发现,相较于敏感种群,R1种群在376位点由GAT突变为GAA,R2种群在376位点由GAT突变为GAG,两种突变均导致天冬氨酸替换为谷氨酸(Asp-376-Glu)。表明狗尾草R1和R2种群对烟嘧磺隆产生抗性是由于靶标ALS基因突变导致,研究结果为科学防控抗药性狗尾草种群提供了理论基础。     

杂草对AHAS抑制剂的抗药性分子机理研究进展

除草剂在田间的重复及不合理使用,导致了杂草抗药性的发生和发展。其中AHAS抑制剂由于靶标单一,抗性发展十分迅速。截至2009年,已有103种杂草对AHAS抑制剂产生了抗药性,占19类化学除草剂总抗药性杂草生物型的近1/3。从AHAS基因突变位点及种类与杂草抗药性水平的关系、AHAS基因突变与AHAS酶活性的关系、AHAS基因拷贝数与杂草抗药性的关系以及AHAS酶与除草剂结合前后的三维结构等方面,综述了杂草对AHAS抑制剂产生抗药性的机理,旨在为AHAS抑制剂抗性研究提供参考。并对自然种群目标基因的等位基因检测技术(ECOTILLING)和衍生型酶切扩增多态性序列(dCAPS)两种通过检测等位基因多态性的手段快速诊断抗药性杂草的新技术进行了介绍,讨论了延缓杂草抗药性发生和发展的策略。     

几种除草剂对马唐和稗草的灭效

为筛选出安全有效的除草剂 ,分播后萌前和成坪时期 ,在室内和田间试验条件下研究了几种除草剂对马唐和稗草的防效 .结果表明 ,播后萌前施药 ,果尔 0 .75kg/hm2 、恶草灵 3 .0 0kg/hm2 和丁草胺在 1.0 0kg/hm2 用量下可以抑制马唐和稗草的萌发或杀死其幼苗 .在已成坪的草坪上 ,恶唑禾草灵的用量为 0 .0 7,0 .15 ,0 .3 0kg/hm2 ,拿扑净 0 .3 0kg/hm2 ,敌稗 1.5 0kg/hm2 ,可以有效防除苗期的马唐、稗草 .