Combined application of Trichoderma harzianum SH2303 and difenoconazole-propiconazolein controlling Southern corn leaf blight disease caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus in maize

Southern corn leaf blight(SCLB) disease caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus is one of the major threats to corn production worldwide. The synergistic application of low toxic chemical fungicide and biocontrol agents could improve biocontrol stability and efficiency against plant diseases, which ultimately reduce use of chemical fungicide. Trichoderma spp., well-known biocontrol fungi have been used to control some foliar diseases. However, few works have been reported on synergistic application of chemical fungicide and Trichoderma against foliar diseases. This study was aimed to investigate the control effect on the synergistic application of Trichoderma harzianum SH2303 and difenoconazole-propiconazole(DP) against SCLB. Results showed that the synergistic application of DP and SH2303 reduced the leaf spot area compared to the control. The efficacy of synergistic application of DP+SH2303 against SCLB could last for 15–20 d in pot trial under the greenhouse condition. Under the natural field condition, maize treated with DP+DP and DP+SH2303 showed 60% control, which was higher than that of SH2303+DP(45%) and SH2303+SH2303(35%). All these treatments induced the synthesis of defense-related enzymes(phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL), catalase(CAT), and superoxide dismutase(SOD)) and the defence-related gene expression of SA pathway(PR1). Taken together the in-vitro leaf test and field trial, the control of SCLB by synergistic application of DP+SH2303 was similar to that of DP+DP. Among synergistic application, the sequential application of DP+SH2303 showed better control than the sequential application of SH2303+DP. It was concluded that the synergistic application of chemical fungicide(DP) and biocontrol agent(T. harzianum SH2303) could be used to reduce the chemical fungicide and to reduce the SCLB diseases in maize, which provided alternative approach to realize an eco-friendly controlling of the foliar disease.     

生物有机肥育苗防控烟草青枯病

【目的】烟草青枯病是影响贵州烟叶生产的主要土传病害之一。生物防控方法作为防控烟草青枯病体系的有效措施之一,寻求经济可行的途径势在必行。【方法】利用实验室自主筛选到的烟草青枯菌拮抗菌NJL-14,通过二次固体发酵研制成烟草专用拮抗青枯病型生物有机肥 (BIO),选取K326和红花大金元两个烟草品种分别进行育苗和盆栽试验。育苗床基质分别添加BIO 1%、2%、3%、4%和5%,以确定适宜的BIO育苗添加量。盆栽试验两个品种分别设定五个处理:常规基质育苗 + 植烟健康土壤(CKn+CKp）、常规基质育苗?+?青枯病病土（CKn+Rs）、常规基质育苗?+?青枯病病土?+?有机肥(CKn+OFp)、常规基质育苗?+?青枯病病土?+?BIO(CKn+BIOp)、育苗和盆栽病土中都施入BIO(BIOn+BIOp)。分别采用荧光定量PCR和Biolog-ECO研究育苗基质和盆栽土壤中细菌和真菌数量变化,以及微生物功能多样性,特别是烟草青枯菌及其拮抗菌的消长关系。【结果】当BIO浓度在2%以内时,烟草的发芽率与对照无显著差异;与普通漂浮育苗相比,托盘育苗不但能稳定和延长拮抗菌NJL-14在根际的定殖,而且显著提高烟苗生物量,K326经BIO育苗处理的烟苗地上部和地下部的干重分别比常规基质育苗的处理高17.2%和30.8%,而红花大金元分别高14.9%和20.0%;采用育苗与移栽土壤双重使用BIO模式对烟草青枯病的防控效果明显,防控效果可以达到100%,明显优于只在盆栽中使用BIO模式,并且能够显著抑制土壤中病原菌数量在107 cfu/g土以下,同时有效提高土壤微生物生态多样性。【结论】采用育苗与移栽土壤双重使用烟草专用拮抗青枯病型生物有机肥模式可有效防控烟草青枯病,控制土壤中病原菌数量,改善土壤微生物功能多样性,为有效地生物防控烟草青枯病奠定基础。     

木霉生防机制及应用的研究进展

摘要：木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.)是目前生防益菌中研究的热点,其生防机制假说呈现多元化。本文从竞争作用、重寄生作用、抗生作用、诱导抗性及协同拮抗作用五个方面综述了木霉菌的生防机制,并对其目前的应用现状进行了阐述。     

辣椒疫病生防真菌F1的生物学特性及生防作用

采用形态鉴定,碳、氮源利用及耐药性试验对生防真菌F1的分类地位和生物学特性进行了研究,并利用盆栽、温室生物实验及离体实验研究了F1对辣椒疫病的防效及防病机理。结果表明:(1)F1为曲霉属[A s-p erg illusM iche li ex F r]舒展曲霉(A.effusus T irabosch i);(2)F1对辣椒疫病防效明显,在盆栽线椒和温室甜椒生防实验中的相对防效分别为83.3%和94.1%;(3)F1对辣椒疫霉菌丝生长相对抑菌率为57%~100%,对游动孢子萌发相对抑制率为78.9%;(4)F1能在辣椒根内定殖,单独接种F1与F1+P3混合接种后8,24和42 d时,F1的定殖密度分别为4×103/g,5×103/g,3×103/g和13×103/g,3.5×103/g,2.3×103/g;(5)接种F1对辣椒叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)与多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性有影响。接种24 d时,单独接种F1处理辣椒叶片PAL与PPO酶活分别较不接菌对照降低47.9%与26.3%,而F1+P3混合接种处理辣椒叶片PAL活性较对照提高86.7%,PPO活性较对照降低29.9%。     

草莓枯萎病拮抗菌JM-3的鉴定及生防效果评价

为明确草莓枯萎病拮抗菌JM-3的分类地位,并评价其防治效果,本研究通过生理生化分析、16S rDNA、gyrA和gyrB基因序列比对进行菌种鉴定,同时采用抑菌活性测定、盆栽和田间防效试验评价其生防效果。结果表明,生防菌JM-3属于贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bacillus velezensis,其对草莓枯萎病菌的平板对峙抑制率为57.42%。盆栽试验发现,处理后90天,拮抗菌JM-3固体制剂对草莓枯萎病病情指数的防效为83.02%,高于菌液和多菌灵处理,表明固体制剂的持效性较高。田间试验结果趋势与其基本一致。生防菌JM-3液体和固体制剂处理的果实糖酸比分别为8.88和8.90,显著高于多菌灵处理和对照。可见拮抗菌JM-3对草莓枯萎病具有较高的生防效果,且有助于提升草莓品质,具有较好的应用前景。     

玫烟色棒束孢FZ-01鉴定及对烟粉虱的防治潜力评估

为了明确从罹病烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci上分离的虫生真菌（菌株FZ-01）的分类归属及其生物防治的潜力,采用形态学特征观察和rDNA-ITS序列分析方法对该菌株进行鉴定,并对其生物防治潜力进行评估。结果发现：菌株FZ-01为玫烟色棒束孢Isaria fumosorosea;该菌株在马铃薯PDA培养基上生长良好;适应温度和酸碱度范围较广,可耐高温（35℃）和酸碱（pH4～10）;孢子萌发速率快（5 h）且萌发率高（>90%）;菌株致病力测定表明分生孢子浓度为1.0×10⁷ cfu/mL时,对烟粉虱（MEAM1）成虫致死中时间（LT₅₀）仅为2.75 d,接菌4 d时致死中浓度（LC₅₀）仅为2.69×10⁴ cfu/mL。综上结果表明,玫烟色棒束孢FZ-01对烟粉虱具有十分优良的生防潜力。     

粘质沙雷氏菌对棉铃虫、菜青虫致病力及田间控制的研究初报

从棉田中自然死亡的棉铃虫体上分离到1株粘质沙雷氏菌，经实验研究，该菌对棉铃虫、菜青虫、甜菜液蛾具有致病力和田间控制作用。     

S-诱抗素和新奥霉素在日光温室黄瓜栽培中的应用研究

S-诱抗素和新奥霉素是新型绿色生物防治药剂。以黄瓜为试材,采用完全随机设计,研究 S-诱抗素和新奥霉素对黄瓜生物学性状、叶绿素荧光参数、品质、单果质量、产量以及黄瓜病害的影响,探讨 S-诱抗素和新奥霉素在黄瓜栽培中的应用效果。结果表明：施用 S-诱抗素和新奥霉素可以显著提高黄瓜初花期和结果期株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶面积和叶绿素含量,使植株生长健壮;可以极显著提高 Fv/Fm 与 Fv′/Fm′,极显著降低初始荧光Fo 和NPQ;提高黄瓜产量2%~5%;预防和防治黄瓜病害;对黄瓜的品质影响不显著。     

拮抗酵母菌控制果蔬采后病害的研究进展

综述了拮抗酵母菌在果蔬采后病害防治上的应用及研究进展,包括拮抗酵母作为生防因子的作用机理和发展前景;指出了通过基因工程和生物工程技术的方法改造提高拮抗菌的生防效果是拮抗酵母菌作为生物防治的发展方向。