糖用甜菜物理特性试验分析

摘 要：对收获期"KWS3148"甜菜进行田间状况和物理参数的测定,确定了甜菜种植模式。利用SPSS统计软件,得到了甜菜主要物理几何参数指标的变化区间和频率分布,明确了甜菜在土壤中的相对位置,建立了收获期甜菜的几何物理模型。通过甜菜的起拔力对比测试,得到了土壤自然状态下甜菜所需起拔力为（365±196）N,两侧松土后甜菜所需起拔力为（259±176）N。甜菜的起拔力峰值分别与块根质量、块根截面椭圆的短轴尺寸在0.01水平（双侧）上显著相关,块根质量、块根最大截面尺寸、块根长度在0.01水平（双侧）上双因素显著相关。甜菜起拔力与甜菜品种和土壤的状况相关,与甜菜根系关系不大。试验结果：块根地上高度为（60±24.4）mm,块根横向最大尺寸为（120±28）mm,根块长度为（202±45.3）mm,块根质量为（1198±530）g,甜菜的楔角为（15.3±2.14）度及甜菜的几何模型,可为甜菜的杀秧、收获等机具的设计、研发提供理论基础。     

饲用甜菜新品种“甜饲2号”的选育

饲用甜菜新品种“甜饲2号”是以甜菜雄性不育系G04A为母本,饲用甜菜自交系LC-1—1为父本,通过杂交选育而成的F1代杂交种。多点试验平均根产量为107751．8kg／hm^2,较时照增产2．3％;含糖率为13．7％,比对照高5．0度。2007年参加了生产示范试验,2008年底通过甘肃省农作物品种审定委员会认定命名。该品种经济产量高,蛋白质含量和含糖率较高,抗病性强,适应性广。     

Abiotic soil properties and the occurrence of Rhizoctonia crown and root rot in sugar beet

Since 1993, Rhizoctonia crown and root rot (Rhizoctonia solani AG 2–2 IIIB) has represented an increasing problem for sugar beet production in Germany. Up to now, the outbreak of the infection and the spread of the disease within a field cannot be predicted and effective countermeasures are not available. Although little is known about the living conditions of R. solani in soils, abiotic soil properties are likely to influence the disease occurrence. Investigations were carried out based on 60 pairwise comparisons, each consisting of a disease‐affected and an adjacent nonaffected patch on farmers' fields in 2002 and 2003. Soil samples from the top soil layer (0–30 cm) were collected before harvest, and eight of the most frequently mentioned soil properties potentially influencing Rhizoctonia crown and root rot infection were examined: bulk density, texture, carbonate carbon, potassium, phosphorus, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and pH. The occurrence of the disease was significantly related to the soil C : N ratio, indicating the influence of soil organic matter on the disease occurrence. Examinations of soil thin sections showed that organic‐matter particles in the soil serve as a substrate for R. solani. All other soil physical and chemical properties examined did not differ between the disease‐affected and nonaffected patches and seem to be of minor importance.     

Soil dynamics of the origination of soil tare during sugar beet lifting

High soil tare of sugar beet on wet clay soil after uprooting with share lifters is usually attributed to the fact that the soil becomes sticky due to mechanical impact during uprooting. Results of field experiments have shown good potential for obtaining low soil tare of sugar beet on wet clay soil by beet extraction with a high average vertical acceleration and a spiral extraction path with a small pitch. The objective of this research was to provide models for soil–beet–lifter systems used in these experiments, and to simulate some of the observed effects of the uprooting method on soil tare and soil adherence. As the rootlet system plays an important role in the origination of soil tare, the rootlet system was also modelled. A constitutive soil model, assuming elastic–perfectly-plastic soil behaviour, was used as a basis for modelling soil–beet–lifter system variants, including beet with and without rootlets, uprooting by extraction, rotation and extrusion, and uprooting with low and high vertical acceleration. The origination of soil tare is presented on the basis of the calculated zone of initial soil failure during extraction. Expected soil adherence is discussed in relation to the stress state of the soil. The simulated initial soil failure and stress state of the soil agreed well with experimental results on soil tare and soil adherence.     

甜菜子叶期幼苗硝态氮吸收特性及其与硝酸还原酶活性的关系

６个有代表性的甜菜品种在人工气候室的营养液培养试验表明，甜菜子叶期幼苗对ＮＯ３＾－的吸收要经最初２ｈ的适应阶段后才可均匀进行。均匀吸收后，观察到多倍体的吸收量〉２倍体，倍性相同品种中Ｅ型〉ＮＥ型〉ＮＺ型〉Ｚ型的初步结果。不同类型品种间ＮＯ３＾－吸收的表观米氏常数（Ｋｍ，ａｐｐ）、最大吸收速率（Ｉｍ）有明显差异，除多倍体ＮＺ型品种甜研３０１的Ｋｍ，ａｐｐ较低而Ｉｍ较高外，其余品种的Ｋｍ，ａｐｐ和Ｉｍ     

Studies on some characteristics of nitrate reductase from sugar beet （Beta vulgaris L.）leaves

Some characteristics of nitrate reductase from sugar beet leaves shown in this paper were as follows:The nitrate reductase from sugar beet leaves required NADH as an electron donor.Accordingly,the nitrate reductase was classified as NADH-dependent(E.C.1.6.61).The Km value of the nitrate reductase for NADH and NO3^- were 0.86m mol and 0.18μ mol respectively.The optimum pH in reaction mixture solution for nitrate reduction activity was 7.5.The effect of variable concentrations of inorganic phosphorus in the reaction buffer on nitrate reductase activity was investigated.When the inorganic phosphorus concentration was below 35m mol,the nitrate reductase activity was increased with increase of inorganic phosphorus concentration.Conversely,when the inorganic phosphorus concentration was over 35m mol,the nitrate reductase activity was inhibited.The nitrate reductase activity assayed in vitro was 3.2 and 5.6times of that assayed in vivo under the condition of exogenous and endogenous ground substance respectively.     

黑龙江省甜菜播种期环境因子对甜菜出苗时间的影响

【目的】研究甜菜播种期环境因子对甜菜出苗时间的影响,为黑龙江省甜菜栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以甜菜品种KWS3418为试验材料,设置不同播种期,统计出苗时间及环境因子指标,分析各环境因子与出苗时间的相关性。【结果】在甜菜播种至出苗开始期间,气温积温、平均气温、平均土壤温度与出苗开始时间的相关关系均达极显著水平,土壤积温、土壤含水量与出苗开始时间的相关关系达到显著水平,而平均空气相对湿度与出苗开始时间的相关关系不显著;通径分析表明,土壤积温对出苗开始时间的影响最大,其次是气温积温,最后是平均气温。在出苗开始至出苗完成期间,除平均空气相对湿度外,其他环境因子与出苗完成时间的相关关系均达显著水平;通径分析结果表明,土壤积温对出苗完成时间的影响最大,其次是气温积温,平均土壤温度影响最小。【结论】气温积温、土壤积温、平均气温和平均土壤温度对甜菜出苗影响较大,在实际生产中可根据以上环境因子调整播种期。     

长江下游生态条件与采种甜菜优质高产栽培技术的研究

长江下游地区露地越冬采种甜菜的适宜播期为８ 月上旬, 移栽期在９ 月中、下旬, 移栽期秧龄在８ ～１０ 片叶,适宜栽植密度５２５００ 株／ｈｍ２ 。冬前块根直径达４ ～５ｃｍ ,３ 月上旬挖顶芽,孕蕾期打花蕾,始花期根外喷施磷酸二氢钾,生育期要开沟降渍,及时防治病虫害     

甜菜黄萎病菌生物学特性及16种杀菌剂的毒力比较

【目的】研究甜菜黄萎病菌生物学特性,比较16种杀菌剂的毒力,分析其病原菌特性,为病害防治提供依据。【方法】采用菌丝生长速率法,测定该病原菌主要生物学特性,并比较16种杀菌剂毒力。【结果】该病原菌生长较适宜的培养基为查氏培养基;生长温度为5 ~ 35 ℃,最适温度为25 ~ 30 ℃,菌丝致死温度为57 ℃;最适碳氮源为乳糖和硝酸钾;pH值4.0 ~ 11.0均可生长,碱性环境下生长较快,在pH值11.0时生长最快,对偏酸性环境也较为耐受;在24 h全光照下生长最好。16种供试药剂均对病原菌有明显不同的抑制效果;40%多菌灵和450 g/L咪鲜胺对病原菌的抑制作用极强,EC₅₀值分别为0.089 1和0.91 mg/L;30%噁霉灵、30%苯甲丙环唑、1.8%辛菌胺醋酸盐次之（EC₅₀：100 ~ 155 mg/L）。【结论】甜菜黄萎病菌菌丝生长最适温度范围为25 ~ 30 ℃,喜碱耐酸,全光照下生长最好;40%多菌灵、450 g/L咪鲜胺和30%噁霉灵等对病原菌有极强或较强的抑菌作用,可作为田间防病的首选。