Automated identification of sugar beet diseases using smartphones

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) poses a high economic risk to sugar beet production due to its potential to greatly reduce yield and quality. For successful integrated management of CLS, rapid and accurate identification of the disease is essential. Diagnosis on the basis of typical visual symptoms is often compromised by the inability to differentiate CLS symptoms from similar symptoms caused by other foliar pathogens of varying significance, or from abiotic stress. An automated detection and classification of CLS and other leaf diseases, enabling a reliable basis for decisions in disease control, would be an alternative to visual as well as molecular and serological methods. This paper presents an algorithm based on a RGB‐image database captured with smartphone cameras for the identification of sugar beet leaf diseases. This tool combines image acquisition and segmentation on the smartphone and advanced image data processing on a server, based on texture features using colour, intensity and gradient values. The diseases are classified using a support vector machine with radial basis function kernel. The algorithm is suitable for binary‐class and multi‐class classification approaches, i.e. the separation between diseased and non‐diseased, and the differentiation among leaf diseases and non‐infected tissue. The classification accuracy for the differentiation of CLS, ramularia leaf spot, phoma leaf spot, beet rust and bacterial blight was 82%, better than that of sugar beet experts classifying diseases from images. However, the technology has not been tested by practitioners. This tool can be adapted to other crops and their diseases and may contribute to improved decision‐making in integrated disease control.     

红甜菜品种指纹图谱的构建

为了更好地保护育种家以及红甜菜种植者的利益,达到快速鉴定红甜菜品种的目的。笔者利用SSR引物构建了12 个红甜菜品种的指纹图谱。结果表明,只需要BVV21、SSD77 和SSD6 这3 对SSR的引物组合就可以实现对12 个红甜菜品种的鉴别,其中BVV21 一种引物就可以单独鉴别‘紫菜头’、‘甜研红1号’和‘880274’这3个红甜菜品种。     

滴灌甜菜对块根膨大期水分亏缺的补偿性响应

为探讨滴灌甜菜块根膨大期干旱胁迫及复水的生长补偿效应,设置70%(T1)、50%(T2)和30%(T3)田间持水量,调查块根膨大期缺水对滴灌甜菜产量、农艺性状以及理化指标的影响。结果表明,当土壤为30%田间持水量时,甜菜产量比70%和50%田间持水量分别提高51.7%和17.6%,产糖量分别提高48.7%和7.7%。与70%田间持水量相比,50%和30%田间持水量条件下,块根膨大期甜菜电导率、脯氨酸以及过氧化物酶活性均在复水1 d时显著增加。主成分分析表明,细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质以及农艺特性共同调控块根膨大期甜菜抵御干旱胁迫,其中块根可溶性糖含量不能作为甜菜抗旱性鉴定的指标。因此,滴灌甜菜块根膨大期,当土壤含水量下降至田间持水量的30%时及时补充灌溉,不但不影响甜菜生长,还有利于增加块根含糖量。     

基于高光谱的甜菜冠层氮素遥感估算研究

利用野外便携式ASD Qualityspec光谱仪,实测了田间甜菜冠层光谱数据,采用植被指数对氮含量进行预测,发现估算精度较低,分析NDVI与VLOPT与氮含量的相关性,得出氮含量在很小的时候就达到饱和水平。根据4种预处理下的甜菜冠层光谱,分别采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和主成分回归(PCR)建立甜菜氮含量估算模型,比较不同预处理和不同回归方法对估算精度的影响。结果表明:对PLSR来说,一阶导数处理的光谱数据建立的模型精度最好(RMSE=2.34g/kg,RE=19.6%),平滑、MSC和SNV建立的估算模型次之;对PCR来说,平滑处理的光谱数据建立的模型精度最好(RMSE=2.34g/kg,RE=19.4%)。总的看来,不同预处理对估算模型精度有一定的差异,但PLSR和PCR两种回归方法对甜菜氮含量估算模型影响不大。     

甜菜红色素提取工艺研究进展

甜菜红色素是一种水溶性的色素,广泛的存在于以红甜菜为主的石竹目中,甜菜红色素在食品以及制药等方面具有很好的应用前景,因此建立一种快速、高效以及环保的甜菜红色素提取工艺尤为重要。笔者分别介绍了传统提取甜菜红色素的方法以及最新提取工艺研究进展,并指出传统方法由于需要加热以及加入有机溶剂,容易造成甜菜红色素降解、溶剂污染以及产量低等问题。而以γ射线、高压脉冲电场、超声波辅助萃取技术、超临界萃取技术以及膜处理技术为代表的最新提取技术,可以在非热情况下达到提取色素的目的,并且具有环境友好、安全、一致性好以及回收率高等特点。并指出未来的发展不管使用哪种新技术,都需要对提取的每一步细化,制定提取标准。     

不同氮肥施用量对甜菜蔗糖代谢关键酶和可溶性糖含量的影响

为了筛选合适的氮素施用量,研究氮素营养和甜菜蔗糖代谢的关系。以尿素为氮源,采用HI003为试材,研究了不同的施氮水平对甜菜叶片和块根可溶性糖含量、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶活性的影响。结果表明：在生育期初期,叶片和块根中的可溶性糖含量随着施氮量的提高降低,后期糖分积累期,施氮量(40~160kg/hm²)可以提高块根的可溶性糖含量,超过160kg/hm²可溶性糖含量降低;叶片中,整个生育期施氮肥处理增加了蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,蔗糖合成酶在生育期前期随着施氮量增加活性降低;甜菜块根中,氮素处理在生育期初期,降低了蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性,适宜的施氮量(120~160kg/hm²）可以提高甜菜生育期后期块根中的蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性;试验发现较高的施氮量不利于糖的积累,适合的施氮量为120~160kg/hm²。     

Composition of the stubble weed flora and its role for Heterodera schachtii in the year preceding sugar beet production

In Germany, sugar beet is often rotated with 2 years of cereal. Extensive fallow periods between cereal harvest and autumn primary tillage allow for a weed flora to develop. Broad‐leaved weeds could potentially be alternate hosts for the common nematode Heterodera schachtii, one of the most important pests of sugar beet. Between 2009 and 2012, annual weeds developing in cereal stubble fields during July to mid‐October in the season prior to sugar beet were surveyed, including known hosts of H. schachtii. Yearly weather patterns and agronomic practices possibly impacted weed species composition and weed population densities. During September, Chenopodium album, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Mercurialis annua, Polygonum spp., Solanum nigrum and Sonchus spp. occurred at the highest frequencies. Weed hosts of H. schachtii were present, but densities, frequencies and uniformity were limited. In 2010 and 2011, staining for nematodes in roots revealed juvenile penetration of some weeds but few adult stages. No indication of nematode reproduction of H. schachtii was found on these weed hosts. A fairly stable weed flora was detected on stubble fields that could provide some carry over for weed species. An elevated risk for nematode population density build‐up on these weeds was not found and management of these weeds at the observed densities during the stubble period for nematological reasons appeared unnecessary.     

栽培甜菜中央细胞受精前后的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术比较栽培甜菜(Beta vulgaris)中央细胞受精前后的超微结构特征,以完善甜菜生殖生物学研究,并为相关研究提供基本资料。结果表明,中央细胞在受精前后的超微结构变化主要表现于核及核周围胞质。中央细胞的2个极核融合较早,在花蕾时期即以次生核形式存在,具双相核仁,可明显分辨纤维区和颗粒区;有的有额外小核仁和核仁液泡。核周围的细胞质中具丰富的细胞器且功能活跃,包括线粒体、质体(含或不含淀粉粒)、高尔基体、核糖体和粗面内质网。受精后,形成初生胚乳核,核周围胞质中变化最大的是质体,形成众多变形质体,形态多样,且富含淀粉粒。初生胚乳核分裂过程中,核仁消失,核膜崩解为囊泡状结构,粗面内质网减少,滑面内质网增加。分裂形成2个胚乳游离核,核周围胞质与初生胚乳核相似。总之,中央细胞在受精前后的超微结构特征均呈现代谢活跃状态。     

能源甜菜酒精发酵的工艺优化及数学模型

利用菌种ADY（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）对能源甜菜NY0503进行酒精发酵。应用Plackett-Burman设计法从底物浓度、料液比、加菌量、营养盐添加量、加磷量、pH值、转速、发酵温度和发酵时间9个因素中筛选出了加磷量、发酵温度和底物浓度为主要影响因素,并用响应面分析法求出回归方程。结果表明,经优化后最佳工艺条件为：底物浓度12%、料液比（质量比）1︰1、加菌量15%、营养盐添加量0.5、加磷量1.9%、pH 5.0、转速130 r/min、发酵温度31℃和发酵时间44 h,共进行5批次验证试验,结果为酒精转化率的平均值为95.48%,与模型的理论值96.54%的差值仅占理论值的1.09%,进一步说明所建立的模型是切实可行的。