Analyses on Stability of Saturated-Unsaturated Bank Slope with Revetment During Rise and Fall of River Level

The bank slope failure is closely related to the rise and fall of river level generally. In order to analysis the influence of the rise and fall of river level on Jin’an River bank slope stability in Fuzhou, the saturated-unsaturated seepage of bank slope with revetment was modelled based on the engineering geological condition of some bank of Jin’an River, and the effect of rise and fall of river induced by the DRWWOS(Drawing River Water to Wash Out Sewage) project on bank slope stability was studied. The results show the silt lying on the slope toe impedes pore water change, manifesting as in its sphere of influence river water is hard to flow into the bank when river rises, and the pore water pressure can not dissipate in time when drawdown. The faster the river rises, the more stable the bank slope becomes. On the contrary, the larger river level falling rate is more likely to leads to bank slope failure. Due to the poor bank drainage performance, the frequent rise and fall of river level results in pore water pressure increasing further, then impairing the bank slope stability. During DRWWOS project, the river level falling rate control and pore water pressure dissipation must be paid enough attention to. Also, replacing silt lying on the slope toe by good permeable material is a good choice to reinforce the bank slope.     

The histology of dermal glands of mating Breviceps with comments on their possible functional value in microhylids (Amphibia: Anura)

During mating male and female Breviceps become ‘glued’ together. The distribution of multicellular dermal glands varies between the sexes. The mate has a large number of holocrine glands on the ventrum, while the female has similar glands on the dorsum of the back. II thus appears that both sexes contribute to the ‘glueing’ mechanism. New hypotheses to explain the adhesion between the sexes are proposed, viz., that the shift to terrestrial habils and subterranean laying in Breviceps have secondarily resulted in male si2e diminution. In other microhylids which adhere during aquatic oviposition, yet demonstrate a terrestrial morphology and habits, bouyancy is suggested to be of primary functional value.     

西藏林芝高山松土壤种子库空间分布特征研究

通过研究西藏林芝高山松土壤种子库的空间分布特征,可以深入了解当地高山松林地土壤中种子数量的分布情况,以及高山松种子的质量状况,有助于高山松林的可持续发展。选取林芝附近有大面积高山松林分布的东久乡东久桥样地、林芝镇林芝桥样地以及八一镇比日神山样地为研究对象,采用野外采样、室内试验和数据分析相结合的方法,探讨高山松土壤种子库的空间分布格局。结果表明,高山松土壤种子库中的种子数量在水平方向上的差异不显著,种子数量随着与母树距离的增加而逐渐减少,表现出近母树分布的趋向。在不同土层深度中,高山松土壤种子库中的种子数量差异显著(P=0.01),随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少,并且单因素分析发现海拔对高山松土壤种子库中种子数量的变化影响不大。土壤种子库中有活力种子仅占种子总量的1.05%,其中72.44%的有活力种子集中在枯落物层;虫蛀种子所占比例最高,占总量的47.41%,败育种子占种子总量的12.32%,腐败种子所占比例最小,为3.02%,可见种子丧失活力的首要原因是被啮齿类动物或鸟类的取食。地表枯落物层是种子进入土壤的一大阻碍,及时扰动地表枯落物有助于高山松种子进入土壤和萌发。     

氮磷水耦合作用下土壤种子库植被恢复应用参数的优化

[目的]探究植被恢复工程中氮、磷、水的交互作用对土壤种子库萌发的影响,可为表层土壤的合理利用以及土壤种子库植被恢复工程中相关参数的调控提供有价值的参考。[方法]采用温室萌发法,探讨氮、磷、水分等单一因素对土壤种子库萌发及幼苗初期生长的影响;采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计(BBC)与响应面法(RSM)相结合的方法来探究这3个因素对土壤种子库萌发及幼苗初期生长的交互影响,并得到植被恢复的最优方案;采用降维法对响应面模型中3因素的耦合作用进行验证。[结果]①当氮、磷、水分分别位于5～20 g/m~2,5～15 g/m~2,10～30 mm范围时,土壤种子库的萌发及幼苗初期生长情况相对较好;②响应面分析中最适模型为二次模型,在该模型中水分(C)对响应值Y的影响最大,且植被恢复的最优条件为氮13.54 g/m~2,磷9.47 g/m~2,水分30 mm;③在水分较低的情况下,植物对氮、磷的吸收也相对较低,氮、磷、水的交互作用不显著;而在水分较高的情况下,即使施肥较少,其对应的土壤种子库萌发效果也高于施肥水平高而水分胁迫的处理。降维分析进一步验证了水分的重要性,这与响应面分析中的结果相吻合。[结论]尽管优化条件可能与实际中略有差异,但该研究仍有很大的参考价值,且氮、磷与水分的交互效应均表现出对土壤种子库萌发及幼苗生长的促进作用。     

土壤种子库研究进展

在浏览国内外大量文献的基础上,从土壤种子库研究意义、国内外研究现状和目前研究的热点问题等方面论述土壤种子库的研究进展。针对目前土壤种子库研究的热点问题,主要从土壤种子库的分类、种子质量和种子休眠之间的关系、种子库的水平分布及种子库与地上植被的关系等方面进行讨论,指出其在遗传结构和扩散等研究内容及方法方面所存在的问题,并提出了相应的建议。     

Optimizing ex situ genetic resource collections for European livestock conservation

Ex situ collections offer the potential to reduce extinction risks, affording option to society in maintaining future breeding opportunities for productivity and heritage traits. However, how much should we be seeking to collect and conserve in gene banks, and where? We developed a mathematical model to optimize logistical decisions of breed conservation choices and to evaluate alternative scenarios for efficiently re‐allocating genetic materials currently stored in different European gene banks, allowing for cross‐country collections, cost and cryogenic capacity differentials. We show how alternative allocations for the breeds that are currently stored in 11 European gene banks could reduce overall conservation costs by around 20% by selecting cryogenic banks that have relatively lower combination of fixed and collection costs, and are geographically closer to collection regions. Our results show that centralizing collections in one gene bank would double the costs, relative to collective European collections approaches. We also calculate marginal costs of collections and show that increasing diversity within the gene banks implies in higher costs per conserved breed.     

封育对干热河谷稀树灌草丛退化草地土壤种子库和植物多样性的影响

于2004年对金沙江干热河谷地区典型稀树灌草丛退化草地进行了围栏封育。在封育后第1年和第2年,以未围栏封育退化草地为对照,对草地土壤种子库和植被的物种组成、密度变化、多样性变化及土壤种子库与植被群落的相似性进行了调查和分析。结果表明,随着围栏封育年限的增加,土壤种子库密度和植物密度增加极显著（P〈0．001）,其物种组成主要以一年生草本为主。在围栏封育过程中,土壤种子库和物种丰富度明显下降,物种多样性降低,植被均匀性下降。随着封育年限增加,土壤种子库物种组成相似性指数和植被物种组成相似性指数均降低。     

针阔混交防护林可持续经营技术研究

系统分析了浙江省建德市新安江林场针阔混交林的主要森林类型及其发生、发展和演替规律。根据当前防护林经营中存在的问题,按照可持续经营的原则,提出了马尾松阔叶树混交林的择伐经营模型。现实森林类型在如何实现择伐经营,发挥防护林的综合效益方面,文章论证了防护林经营技术上所涉及的森林作业和森林经理方法。     

稻田养鱼技术初探

本文全面介绍了稻田养鱼新田间建设模式方法、回形生态鱼塘的开挖方法及鱼、稻养种方法。具有投入少、成本低,见效快,效益高的特点。     

河滨带生态恢复研究进展

河滨带是重要的水陆交错区,具有一系列独特的性质和生态服务功能。由于自然环境变化以及人类的过度开发,全球范围内河滨带受到严重破坏。鉴于其在河流保护与生态服务等方面的重要作用,近几十年来得到广泛关注,也取得了一些研究成果。文中介绍了河岸湿地的定义及其退化状况,并从恢复物种多样性、改善土壤状况、水文恢复3个方面综述了国内外河滨带生态恢复研究进展,在此基础上分析现今研究存在的问题,并对未来发展趋势进行展望。