花椰菜氮磷钾平衡施肥和阶段施氮效应函数的建立及在配方施肥中的应用

 【目的】建立越冬花椰菜氮磷钾平衡施肥效应和阶段施氮效应函数模型,用于计算推荐施肥量,为花椰菜不同生产目标的测土配方施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以越冬中熟花椰菜品种‘120天’为材料,通过“311-A”拟饱和最优回归设计和单形格子设计,分别开展氮磷钾平衡施肥效应和阶段施氮肥效应的田间试验研究,建立花椰菜氮磷钾平衡施肥的产量、外观成品率和与营养品质有关的硫苷含量效应函数模型,以及阶段施氮肥的产量效应函数模型。在不同地块土壤养分分析基础上,将施肥效应函数模型运用于花椰菜测土配方施肥。【结果】花椰菜产量、外观成品率与氮磷钾肥料施用量码值之间回归关系极显著并存在高度的相关关系。寻优得到最高产量的氮磷钾优化施肥组合为N 372.83、P2O5 89.65、K2O 201.41 kg•hm-2,其最高产量为19 089.25 kg•hm-2,进一步通过频率分析寻优,获得最高产量下基肥、前期追肥、后期追肥的较优施氮比例为0.4313﹕0.2427﹕0.3260。寻优得到最高出口成品率的氮磷钾优化施肥组合为N 434.20、P2O5 90.11、K2O 213.92 kg•hm-2,其最高成品率为84.95%。通过对4-甲基亚磺酰丁基硫苷含量效应函数模型模拟及主效分析,花球中4-甲基亚磺酰丁基硫苷含量主要受氮肥含量的影响,施氮量为394.62 kg•hm-2时,4-甲基亚磺酰丁基硫苷的含量达到极大值。结合施肥模型,在分析土样养分含量基础上,运用推荐施肥量计算函数,完成30份地块不同生产目标的氮、磷、钾施肥量推荐。结果表明,生产目标和土壤基础肥力不同,施肥模型推荐的最优施肥量均有差异。以追求最高产量下不同地块的施肥推荐为例,氮、磷、钾最大推荐施肥量比最小推荐量分别高7.92%、10.21%和68.39%。【结论】建立施肥效应函数模型,结合测土配方施肥的推荐施肥量计算函数,可以对花椰菜不同生产目标下的地块进行施肥推荐。     

简述小麦干物质积累运转与高产的关系

干物质生产是作物产量的基础,其合理分配是小麦高产的关键。就干物质积累的动态而言,不同品种干物质积累模式没有太大差异,最终产量差异关键在于通过各种栽培模式及各种农艺措施调节干物质在各器官的分配,从而建立合理的源库平衡。     

Long-term fertilization and residue return affect soil stoichiometry characteristics and labile soil organic matter fractions

Ecological stoichiometry provides the possibility for linking microbial dynamics with soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) metabolisms in response to agricultural nutrient management. To determine the roles of fertilization and residue return with respect to ecological stoichiometry, we collected soil samples from a 30-year field experiment on residue return (maize straw) at rates of 0, 2.5, and 5.0 Mg ha^-1 in combination with 8 fertilization treatments:no fertilizer (F0), N fertilizer, P fertilizer, potassium (K) fertilizer, N and P (NP) fertilizers, N and K (NK) fertilizers, P and K (PK) fertilizers, and N, P, and K (NPK) fertilizers. We measured soil organic C (SOC), total N and P, microbial biomass C, N, and P, water-soluble organic C and N, KMnO₄-oxidizable C (KMnO₄-C), and carbon management index (CMI). Compared with the control (F0 treatment without residue return), fertilization and residue return significantly increased the KMnO₄-C content and CMI. Furthermore, compared with the control, residue return significantly increased the SOC content. Moreover, the NPK treatment with residue return at 5.0 Mg ha^-1 significantly enhanced the C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios in the soil, whereas it significantly decreased the C:N and C:P ratios in soil microbial biomass. Therefore, NPK fertilizer application combined with residue return at 5.0 Mg ha^-1 could enhance the SOC content through the stoichiometric plasticity of microorganisms. Residue return and fertilization increased the soil C pools by directly modifying the microbial stoichiometry of the biomass that was C limited.     

宝坻区土壤养分状况及平衡施肥对作物产量和品质的影响

选宝坻区有代表性的潮土、湿潮土共33个样点,采用土壤养分系统研究方法对耕层土壤养分状况进行了调查。结果显示,土壤钾、硫的亏缺成为养分平衡的主要限制因子;部分地区存在锌、铁和锰的亏缺问题。多项试验结果显示,在土壤养分系统分析基础上进行平衡施肥,可实现作物增产13.9%～30.2%,增收1700～5000元/hm2,并在多方面改善了农产品品质。     

试论农机消费者权益的保护——以法经济学为视角

在建设社会主义新农村的过程中,农业机械化是促进农村经济发展、改善农民生产生活条件的关键因素。在广泛开展农业机械化的进程中,农民消费者的权益受到侵害的情况却越来越普遍,这会直接影响到对农业机械化进程的持续、快速、健康发展并最终影响农村经济的更好发展。因此,当前加强对农机消费者权益的保护势在必行。以法经济学为视角,笔者运用法律供求均衡理论和成本-收益理论两种分析方法对农机消费者权益保护的问题进行剖析,以期提出若干对策建议。     

Integrated Nitrogen Fertilization for Intensive and Sustainable Agriculture

Summary

Increased efficiency of land use and resource-use are critical for agriculture to feed the ever increasing population and yet remain sustainable for the future generations. Mineral fertilizers, particularly, nitrogen (N) fertilizer has played a very important role in meeting the increased food demand and in saving millions of hectares of marginal and wildlife reserves from coming under cultivation. Apart from higher yields per unit land, N application also results in higher protein content. Improper use of N fertilizers due to high application rates, incorrect source and method of application, and poor timing of application have led to air and water pollution and economic losses. Integrated and balanced N fertilization results in a win-win situation with intensive and sustainable agriculture that feed the world without harming the environment. Since multitude of management, soil, crop, and weather-related factors control soil and plant N dynamics, N management recommendations based on field trials alone are too costly and time-consuming. Dynamic N management recommendations that are both site— and season-specific combine field trials with decision support systems (DSS) that simulate crop growth and N transformations as a function of above-mentioned factors. Innovative N fertilizer products and N efficient plant types will further improve N use efficiency.     

退耕还林区林草复合模式土壤养分动态

林草复合系统是广义农林复合生态系统的模式之一。系统在原有的食物链中加入了新的生产环节，从而能更充分地利用自然资源，提高初级产品的转化率和利用率，有益于改善土壤肥力和生态环境，促进林牧业的协调发展。近年来，随着林牧业的相互渗透及生态经济环境综合治理的需要，林草复合经营日益受到国内外的重视（赵粉侠等，1996；安树青等，2001）。     

镁、钙肥对肥城桃品质影响及平衡施肥的研究

尽管肥城果园土壤富含可溶性及交换性钙镁,但肥桃果实品质对钙镁肥的施用有明显反映。基于其它矿质养分量佳处理,每公顷桃园施用50kgMgO可以显著提高果实可溶性糖及Vc含量,同时降低可溶性酸含量。虽然耐贮性略有降低。适口性和外观商品性也有显著改善。增施镁肥和配施钾镁肥能显著提高单果重15％-23％。相反。在果实膨大期喷施钙肥有降糖升酸及Vc含量降低的反作用,但可延长果实储期3～7d。增加钙肥喷施次数对各项品质的效果作用不明显。肥城桃优质高产的适宜Ca／Mg和Mg／K比分别为2和3。     

基于平衡计分卡的农田水利设施管护绩效指标的设定与评价——以农民用水户协会为分析对象

管护机制逐渐成为影响农田水利设施持续应用的重要内容,不断提升设施管护绩效对推进农业现代化具有重要意义。凭借便捷性和时效性的特点,农民用水户协会在水利设施管护中的作用不断凸显,但其会员服务能力、管护组织能力还有待提高。以平衡计分卡为架构标准,从管护效能、会员服务、内部管理、学习与发展4个方面对农民用水户协会参与农田水利设施管护的绩效进行评价,有利于提升用水户协会的设施管护能力,促进协会自身的战略发展,以期对农村基础设施建设有所裨益。     

粉垄栽培甘蔗试验增产效果

 【目的】评价粉垄栽培技术相比于传统栽培方法种植甘蔗的优势所在。【方法】选用新台糖22号和柳城03-1137两个品种,在不同地区进行粉垄栽培和传统栽培比较试验,在甘蔗工艺成熟期进行根系、绿叶、蔗茎性状、产量、品质及冬笋芽数等调查测定。【结果】粉垄栽培与传统栽培相比,根系鲜重增加了115.05%—146.48%;完全展开绿叶数（功能叶片）增加14.65%—19.35%;蔗茎产量增加21.91%—27.35%;甘蔗蔗糖含量、蔗汁蔗糖含量分别增加3.81%—5.17%、3.63%—5.75%,蔗汁还原糖分降低5.50%—9.76%;宿根冬笋芽数增加47.64%—197.70%。【结论】粉垄栽培的甘蔗,根系特别发达,功能叶片数增加,产量提高,品质改善,冬笋芽数增加。粉垄栽培方法是一项较好的栽培新方法。