基于水量平衡的宁夏引黄灌区广义生态耗水量计算

基于区域的水量平衡理论,对宁夏引黄灌区的广义生态耗水量进行计算,同时对灌区生态耗水量与灌区引黄水量的关系也进行了研究。研究结果表明:灌区各年的广义生态耗水总量差别并不大,没有表现出非常强烈的上升或下降趋势,耗水量的小范围变动与灌区引黄水量关系不明显。     

兰州南北两山集雨绿化生态水文变化机理初探

以兰州南北两山集雨绿化无灌溉人工生态系统为研究对象，在定位监测的基础上，运用生态水文学的基本原理，分析了拧条和柽柳土壤水分的土层分配、利用和水量平衡模式的变化，讨论了集雨区的植被盖度和结皮的发育成因和影响，以及拧条和柽柳在不同集雨面积的蒸散发量。得出在兰州南北两山集雨绿化可以推广乔木柽柳，其生态系统和生态水文过程比较稳定。     

机械设备广义余额递减折旧模型的研究

折旧是一定时期内(日、年)固定资产磨损价值转移到产品成本中去,以补偿固定资产所损耗的价值。随着社会经济的全球化发展,机械设备余额递减加速折旧的方法得到越来越广泛的使用。在此建立广义的余额递减法通用模型,提出了既适合于高倍余额递减法,又包含曾经已用的余额递减法和双倍余额递减法的模型,为农业机械费用的合理计算提供理论基础。     

河北省耕地占补平衡折算信息系统设计——基于Visual Basic

通过对河北省耕地占补平衡的研究,建立了不同质量耕地的折算关系,但是折算方法复杂,并且纯手工以纸质为媒介的耕地占补折算工作要求操作人员有一定的专业知识,给耕地占补折算工作的推行和土地管理工作造成诸多不便.为此,通过系统分析的方法,遵循不同质量耕地的折算关系和折算方法,对河北省分等数据与方法进行分析筛选建立数据库,利用SQL Server和Visual Basic等工具实现系统的建立,并通过对河北省耕地占补平衡信息系统的结构和流程分析,提出系统建设的技术路线.     

Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict the impact of alternative management practices on water quality and quantity

Alternative land management practices such as conservation or no-tillage, contour farming, terraces, and buffer strips are increasingly used to reduce nonpoint source and water pollution resulting from agricultural activities. Models are useful tools to investigate effects of such management practice alternatives on the watershed level. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the sensitivity of such models to parameters used to represent these conservation practices. Knowledge about the sensitivity to these parameters would help models better simulate the effects of land management. Hence, this paper presents in the first step a sensitivity analysis for conservation management parameters (specifically tillage depth, mechanical soil mixing efficiency, biological soil mixing efficiency, curve number, Manning's roughness coefficient for overland flow, USLE support practice factor, and filter strip width) in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). With this analysis we aimed to improve model parameterisation and calibration efficiency. In contrast to less sensitive parameters such as tillage depth and mixing efficiency we parameterised sensitive parameters such as curve number values in detail.In the second step the analysis consisted of varying management practices (conventional tillage, conservation tillage, and no-tillage) for different crops (spring barley, winter barley, and sugar beet) and varying operation dates. Results showed that the model is very sensitive to applied crop rotations and in some cases even to small variations of management practices. But the different settings do not have the same sensitivity. Duration of vegetation period and soil cover over time was most sensitive followed by soil cover characteristics of applied crops.     

基于SPAC系统的作物腾发量模型的试验研究

通过田间试验对河北省2004年和2005年棉花、冬小麦和夏玉米不同生育期的冠层温度、地表温度和叶面积指数进行测定,根据能量平衡方程和空气动力学方程,结合当地气象资料推导出作物腾发量模型,并与棉花、冬小麦和夏玉米不同生育期实际腾发量比较发现:作物腾发量模型计算值不仅反映了这3种作物不同生育期腾发量的变化规律,而且与实际腾发量平均值的相对误差2004年分别为8.46%、4.76%和12.85%,2005年分别为3.42%、1.65%和0.84%,因此可以利用作物腾发量模型来计算作物腾发量,该研究为监测土壤墒情和确定作物缺水指标提供了理论依据.     

The use of lysimeter data for the test of two soil–water balance models: A case study

Two soil–water balance models were tested by a comparison of simulated with measured daily rates of actual evapotranspiration, soil water storage, groundwater recharge, and capillary rise. These rates were obtained from twelve weighable lysimeters with three different soils and two different lower boundary conditions for the time period from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998. In that period, grass vegetation was grown on all lysimeters. These lysimeters are located in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany. One model calculated the soil water balance using the Richards equation. The other one used a capacitance approach. Both models used the same modified Penman formula for the estimation of potential evapotranspiration and the same simple empirical vegetation model for the calculation of transpiration, interception, and evaporation. The comparisons of simulated with measured model outputs were analyzed using the modeling‐efficiency index IA and the root mean squared error RMSE. At some lysimeters, the uncalibrated application of both models led to an underestimation of cumulative and annual rates of groundwater recharge and capillary rise, despite a good simulation quality in terms of IA and RMSE. A calibration of soil‐hydraulic and vegetation parameters such as maximum rooting depth resulted in a better fit between simulated and observed cumulative and annual rates of groundwater recharge and capillary rise, but in some cases also decreased the simulation quality of both models in terms of IA and RMSE. The results of this calibration indicated that, in addition to a precise determination of the soil water‐retention functions, vegetation parameters such as rooting depth should also be observed. Without such information, the rooting depth is a calibration parameter. However, in some cases, the uncalibrated application of both models also led to an acceptable fit between measured and simulated model outputs.     

华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡

对华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素输入输出的数量特征、平衡状况进行了分析,并评估其优化潜力。研究表明,华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田每年的氮素输入中,化学氮肥、农家肥、降水、灌溉、非生物固氮和种子带入农田的氮分别为545、68、21、15、15和5kghm-2a-1,氮素年输入总量为669kghm-2a-1;每年的氮素输出中,作物收获带走的氮为311kghm-2a-1,而氨挥发、反硝化和淋洗损失的氮分别为120、16和136kghm-2a-1,氮素年输出总量为583kghm-2a-1;氮素年盈余量为86kghm-2a-1。目前我国华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素处于大量赢余状态,从而导致氮素大量损失。因此,加强氮肥管理,提高氮肥利用率,加大有机肥施用的力度,是华北地区农田氮素资源管理的长期任务。     

Energy and water balance measurements for water productivity analysis in irrigated mango trees, Northeast Brazil

Crop water parameters, including actual evapotranspiration, transpiration, soil evaporation, crop coefficients, evaporative fractions, aerodynamic resistances, surface resistances and percolation fluxes were estimated in a commercial mango orchard during two growing seasons in Northeast Brazil. The actual evapotranspiration (E_a) was obtained by the eddy covariance (EC) technique, while for the reference evapotranspiration (E₀); the FAO Penman–Monteith equation was applied. The energy balance closure showed a gap of 12%. For water productivity analysis the E_a was then computed with the Bowen ratio determined from the eddy covariance fluxes. The mean accumulated E_a for the two seasons was 1419 mm year⁻¹, which corresponded to a daily average rate of 3.7 mm day⁻¹. The mean values of the crop coefficients based on evapotranspiration (K_c) and based on transpiration (K_cb) were 0.91 and 0.73, respectively. The single layer K_c was fitted with a degree days function. Twenty percent of evapotranspiration originated from direct soil evaporation. The evaporative fraction was 0.83 on average. The average relative water supply was 1.1, revealing that, in general, irrigation water supply was in good harmony with the crop water requirements. The resulting evapotranspiration deficit was 73–95 mm per season only. The mean aerodynamic resistance (r_a) was 37 s m⁻¹ and the bulk surface resistance (r_s) was 135 s m⁻¹. The mean unit yield was 45 tonne ha⁻¹ being equivalent to a crop water productivity of 3.2 kg m⁻³ when based on E_a with an economic counterpart of US$ 3.27 m⁻³. The drawback of this highly productive use of water resources is an unavoidable percolation flux of approximately 300 mm per growing season that is detrimental to the downstream environment and water users.     

且末绿洲适宜规模研究

干旱区平原绿洲,应以水为中心确定绿洲规模,防止水资源不足情况下土地过度开发造成的荒漠化和沙漠化。应用基于生态水热平衡的适宜绿洲规模数学模型,对且末绿洲现状年的绿洲适宜发展规模进行了研究。结果表明：（1）且末绿洲稳定性指数为0.535 8,绿洲处于亚稳定状态,生态系统呈开始退化趋势,绿洲需要较高的投入才能保持稳定。（2）且末绿洲适宜规模为609.22～812.29km2,且末绿洲适宜耕地面积为92.66～123.55km2。通过资料可知,且末绿洲现有规模为992.16km2,超出适宜规模0.2～0.6倍;现有耕地面积为150.88km2,也超出了适宜耕地面积的0.2～0.6倍。从生态可持续角度出发,绿洲面积不宜再扩大。