沼液淹没土壤抑制根结线虫及对土壤线虫群落的影响

为探索沼液抑制根结线虫的效果,本研究通过盆栽试验,以番茄为试供作物,对比了种植前沼液淹没土壤(BSS)、种植期间浇灌沼液(BS)和加热(HE)3种方法对根结线虫的防控效果。结果表明,与不采取任何措施的对照(CK)处理相比, BSS处理抑制根结线虫效果最为明显,防效高达97.1%,根结指数分别比HE和BS处理降低96.9%和92.9%。HE处理尽管在处理土壤后显著降低了根结线虫数量,但在最后破坏性取样时(结束试验)出现反弹,根结线虫数量甚至高于CK处理。对于土壤线虫群落,CK处理中以植食性线虫为主(81.8%);两个沼液处理中食细菌线虫占优势(平均78.3%),且其中的杂食捕食性线虫在土壤前处理后消失,在试验结束时又重新出现,但所占比例依然非常低。沼液淹水方式的高效防控效果揭示了利用沼液防控根结线虫的关键期在于线虫入侵到植物根部之前的幼虫期。然而,在盆栽系统中,沼液淹水的方式也对作物生长表现出了一定的抑制趋势。高量沼液施用防控病害的同时引发的植物毒害作用以及环境污染风险,需要进一步开展田间研究。     

红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性及细菌多样性

[目的] 揭示土壤理化特性与细菌丰度之间的内在关系,为红壤侵蚀区马尾松林水土流失分区精准治理提供参考。[方法] 以福建省长汀县红壤侵蚀区马尾松林为研究对象,选择侏罗系中统漳平组中段(J₂Z²)、侏罗系中统漳平组下段(J₂Z¹)、侏罗纪燕山期早期侵入岩(γ₅^{2(3) c})、第四系全新统(Q_h)4种地层背景,分析测定不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性和细菌群落组成及多样性。[结果] 不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化指标整体表现为：J₂Z¹＞J₂Z²＞Q_h＞γ₅^{2(3) c};土壤养分含量各地层背景各有丰缺,J₂Z¹地层背景土壤有机质含量大于其他地层,Q_h地层背景氮含量大于其他地层,而γ₅^{2(3) c}地层背景磷和钾含量较高;4种地层背景土壤细菌差异操作分类单元(OTU)数目表现为：Q_h＞J₂Z²＞J₂Z¹＞γ₅^{2(3) c},分别占总OTU数目的21.62%,18.29%,16.79%,12.08%;细菌群落多样性表现为：J₂Z²＞Q_h＞γ₅^{2(3) c}＞J₂Z¹;J₂Z¹地层和Q_h地层土壤细菌多样性与土壤含水率和土壤pH值正相关,J₂Z²地层与土壤容重以及全磷含量正相关,γ₅^{2(3) c}地层与土壤钾含量和速效氮含量正相关。[结论] 红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性存在一定差异,在植被恢复过程中应考虑地层背景因素进行分区治理,细菌对不同地层背景土壤性质具有一定指示作用。     

川西北不同沙化程度草地土壤细菌群落特征

研究川西北不同沙化程度草地（未沙化草地、轻度沙化草地、中度沙化草地、重度沙化草地）土壤细菌多样性和群落结构特征,利用Illumina二代高通量测序技术MiSeq对土壤细菌的16 SrRNA V₃—V₄可变区进行测序,研究土壤细菌多样性、物种组成和丰富度,并结合土壤理养分探讨影响细菌群落结构的环境因素,对发挥土壤潜在肥力,了解土壤健康状况,实现该区植被的管理与可持续利用有着重要的意义。结果表明:（1）不同沙化草地土壤养分具有明显差异,依次表现为:随着沙化程度的增加,土壤pH值逐渐增加,而土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效磷逐渐降低;（2）不同沙化程度草地土壤样品中共检测到细菌的32个门,65个纲,169个目,优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌（Chloroflexi）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）,主要的优势菌纲为放线杆菌纲（Actinobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria）、β-变形菌纲（β-Proteobacteria）、浮霉菌纲（Planctomycetacia）,与沙化草地相比,未沙化草地优势菌主要是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）;（3）随着沙化程度的增加,OUT数目、Chao指数、Ace指数、Shannon指数逐渐减小,其中不同沙化草地土壤细菌覆盖率和Simpson指数差异不显著（p > 0.05）;（4）冗余分析和Pearson相关性分析表明,土壤pH值、土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）是土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的主要影响因子。     

Soil microbial communities resistant to changes in plant functional group composition

The soil community is an often ignored part of research which links plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning despite their influence on numerous functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Few consistent patterns have been detected that link plant and soil community composition. We used a removal experiment in a northern Canadian grassland to examine the effects of plant functional group identity on soil microbial community structure and function. Plant functional groups (graminoids, legumes and forbs) were removed independently from plots for five growing seasons (2003-2007) and in the fifth year effects on the soil microbial community were examined using substrate-induced respiration (SIR - a measure of metabolic diversity) and phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA - a measure of microbial community composition). Removal treatments were also crossed with both a fertilizer treatment and a fungicide treatment to determine if effects of functional group identity on the soil community were context dependent. Plant functional group identity had almost no effect on the soil microbial community as measured by either SIR or PLFA. Likewise, soil properties including total carbon, pH, moisture and nutrients showed a limited response to plant removals in the fifth year after removals. We found a direct effect of fertilizer on the soil community, with fertilized plots having decreased metabolic diversity, with a decreased ability to metabolize amino acids and a phenolic acid, but there was no direct soil microbial response to fungicide. We show that in this northern Canadian grassland the soil microbial community is relatively insensitive to changes in plant functional group composition, and suggest that in northern ecosystems, where plant material is only slowly incorporated into the soil, five growing seasons may be insufficient to detect the impact of a changing plant community on the soil microbes.     

Land-use history has a stronger impact on soil microbial community composition than aboveground vegetation and soil properties

The response of soil microbial communities following changes in land-use is governed by multiple factors. The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) whether soil microbial communities track the changes in aboveground vegetation during succession; and (ii) whether microbial communities return to their native state over time. Two successional gradients with different vegetation were studied at the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan. The first gradient comprised a conventionally tilled cropland (CT), mid-succession forest (SF) abandoned from cultivation prior to 1951, and native deciduous forest (DF). The second gradient comprised the CT cropland, early-succession grassland (ES) restored in 1989, and long-term mowed grassland (MG). With succession, the total microbial PLFAs and soil microbial biomass C consistently increased in both gradients. While bacterial rRNA gene diversity remained unchanged, the abundance and composition of many bacterial phyla changed significantly. Moreover, microbial communities in the relatively pristine DF and MG soils were very similar despite major differences in soil properties and vegetation. After >50 years of succession, and despite different vegetation, microbial communities in SF were more similar to those in mature DF than in CT. In contrast, even after 17 years of succession, microbial communities in ES were more similar to CT than endpoint MG despite very different vegetation between CT and ES. This result suggested a lasting impact of cultivation history on the soil microbial community. With conversion of deciduous to conifer forest (CF), there was a significant change in multiple soil properties that correlated with changes in microbial biomass, rRNA gene diversity and community composition. In conclusion, history of land-use was a stronger determinant of the composition of microbial communities than vegetation and soil properties. Further, microbial communities in disturbed soils apparently return to their native state with time.     

不同处理方式对奶牛粪细菌群落多样性及群落结构的影响

以腐熟牛粪、新鲜牛粪以及蚯蚓粪为材料,提取其微生物总DNA,利用细菌16SrDNAV3区扩增及变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）法,分析了3种材料中细菌的多样性以及细菌群落结构的相似性。结果表明,蚯蚓粪的细菌多样性最丰富,腐熟牛粪次之,新鲜牛粪的细菌多样性最小。蚯蚓粪和腐熟牛粪的细菌群落结构有40%的相似性;蚯蚓粪和新鲜牛粪的细菌群落结构的相似性为25%;新鲜牛粪和腐熟牛粪的细菌群落结构的相似性则为35%。     

甘肃徽县铅锌污染农业区冬季土壤纤毛虫群落特征

2006年10月至2008年5月,用活体观察和固定染色方法对甘肃省徽县铅锌污染农业区土壤中纤毛虫冬季的群落特征进行了研究。在5 个样点中共鉴定到土壤纤毛虫75 种（包括9个未定名种和3个国内新记录种）,隶属于3纲、11目、30科、41属;对照1 、对照2 、厂区、县城和牟坝各样点的土壤中分别有纤毛虫42 、39、17、16和28 种;对照样点与受污染较重的厂区、县城和牟坝土壤中纤毛虫群落相似性系数为极不相似（q=0.14、0.22、0.27之间）;各样点的物种多样性指数分别为4.76、4.28、2.15、2.05和3.28;各样点的铅含量分别为211、182、490、427和434 mg·kg^-1,锌含量分别为48.4、46.8、1 194、166和392 mg·kg^-1。结果表明,铅锌污染对农业土壤纤毛虫群落有很大影响,主要体现在群落结构趋于简单化,物种多样性明显下降。     

淹水培养过程中水稻土地杆菌科微生物群落结构变化特征

采用淹水非种植水稻土微环境模式系统,对水稻土进行1 h和1、5、10、20、30 d淹水培养,利用PCR-DGGE技术检测、多元统计分析淹水培养过程中地杆菌科微生物的群落结构和多样性变化规律及其影响因子。结果表明,淹水培养过程中地杆菌科微生物群落结构发生了明显的演替性变化：由r-对策优势种群演替至k-对策优势种群,且群落结构由不稳定向稳定演变（培养1 h和1 d处理间相似性最低,群落结构变化最大,20 d和30 d处理间相似性最高,群落结构变化最小）;该过程中,地杆菌科微生物物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Weiner指数在1 h处理中均为最小,5 d处理的最大;CCA相关性分析表明,淹水培养过程中Fe（Ⅱ）浓度与群落结构多样性指数呈正相关,证实该类微生物对于异化铁还原能力具有重要作用;测序结果表明,19个优势DGGE条带与来自水稻土中的未培养地杆菌科微生物亲缘关系相近。     

陕北黄土丘陵区退耕地植物群落演替特征

为了解黄土丘陵区侵蚀地貌退耕地植物群落演替模式及其基本特征,以陕北安塞纸坊沟流域的20块不同年限退耕地和荒坡为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列的方法进行植物群落的调查和演替特征的分析。结果表明:退耕地植物群落大致经历了茵陈蒿群落—杂类草—狗尾草群落—长芒草群落—铁杆蒿群落—茭蒿群落的演替过程。植物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均表现出随演替进行而上升的变化规律,但上升的速率各异;演替前期和中期的群落基本上属于对数级数分布,说明该阶段的物种组成主要是生态位预占模式起作用,演替后期的群落属于对数正态分布,可能是生态位预占、周围繁殖体的侵入压力、种间竞争和其他因素共同作用的结果;群落盖度变化与演替时间符合二次函数变化规律。     

苏北低山丘陵区典型森林生态脆弱性评价

生态脆弱性评价是当前全球变化与可持续发展研究中的热点问题。以苏北低山丘陵区典型性森林植被为研究对象,通过层次分析法构建了适合苏北低山丘陵区典型性森林生态脆弱性评价指标体系,制定了生态脆弱性评价标准,并根据生态脆弱度将森林植被划分成5个不同的脆弱级别;最后通过加权综合法对该地区典型性森林群落生态脆弱性进行评价。结果表明:该地区典型性森林生态脆弱度排序为侧柏(75.92)>麻栎(54.95)>栓皮栎(53.61)>黑松(49.63)>刺槐(47.68)>黄连木(45.69)>黄檀(44.92)>赤松(43.34)。