Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

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Potatoes

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After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Fresh tomatoes

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From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Processing tomatoes

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From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

营养型土壤改良剂对酸性土壤中钾的调节及玉米吸钾量的影响

营养型土壤改良剂(以下简称改良剂)施入三种不同肥力水平的土壤进行恒温培养试验和盆栽试验,测定土壤有效钾的含量、盆栽试验玉米的生物量和钾吸收量。结果表明:对于有效钾含量高的土壤,改良剂能促进钾的缓效化,有利于土壤钾的保蓄,防止土壤钾的淋失;对于有效钾含量较低的土壤,改良剂可以活化土壤中的钾,提高土壤钾的有效性;不同肥力水平的土壤,改良剂都能促进玉米对钾的吸收,有利于提高钾肥的吸收利用效率。     

不同林龄柠条锦鸡儿土壤有效磷的变化

研究柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana Microphylla Lam.)林地不同土层深度土壤有效磷的变化规律,为进一步深入研究北方农牧交错带土壤性质及地区植被建设提供依据。笔者通过野外调查和数据处理,对赤峰市敖汉旗风沙土区不同林龄(5、11、17、23、29年)柠条锦鸡儿不同土层的土壤有效磷进行了分析。研究表明:相同林龄不同立地条件的土壤有效磷含量随土层厚度的增加呈现减小的趋势;相同林龄不同立地条件的土壤有效磷含量大小表现为丘间低地阴坡阳坡;相同立地条件不同林龄的土壤有效磷含量随林龄的增加而增加。柠条锦鸡儿的种植有利于土壤性质向良性方向发展。     

施用沼肥对保护地蔬菜栽培土壤理化性质的影响

本文以等有机质含量的猪粪、沼渣为基肥，追肥（化肥与沼液）以等N、等P、等K进行施用，采用二裂式区组设计的方法，研究了沼肥、猪粪、化肥等不同施肥组合对保护地土壤pH值及土壤速效养分含量的影响。结果表明：番茄收获期，各处理土壤pH有下降的趋势，但没有酸化现象发生；施用沼渣在防止土壤pH值下降方面有较好的作用；施用沼渣、沼液在提高土壤有机质含量方面的效果分别优于施用猪粪、化肥，沼渣与沼液配合施用在提高土壤有机质及碱解N含量方面效果显著，猪粪与化肥配合施用有利于提高土壤速效P和速效K的含量。     

土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量空间变异特征及其影响因子

利用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,探讨了双流县土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量空间变异特征及其影响因子。结果表明:1) 土壤速效氮和速效钾含量具有强烈的空间相关性,相关距离分别达38754 m和56187 m,结构性因子是影响其空间变异的主要因子;土壤速效磷含量具有中等空间相关性,相关距离为24210 m,其空间变异受结构性因子和随机性因子共同影响。2) 土壤速效氮含量主要由北向南逐渐降低;速效磷含量主要在东北向西南及东南向西北方向上逐渐降低,而速效钾含量主要由东南向西北逐渐降低。3) 土壤速效氮含量在不同土壤类型及地形地貌间呈极显著差异;土壤速效磷含量在不同成土母质及地形地貌间呈显著或极显著差异;土壤速效钾含量在不同成土母质间呈极显著差异。土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量高值区单位面积化肥施用量明显高于低值区。     

测土配方施肥方法研究

通过田间试验与土壤测试得出:玉米施用钾肥的效应函数及其最佳用量;玉米施用钾肥最大效益与最高产量用量同钾肥增产绝对值、相对值与效益值均存在直线正相关;玉米钾肥最佳用量同土壤有效钾测定值存在着密切的直线负相关。在明确上述问题的基础上,提出应用土壤有效钾测定值直接推荐玉米施用钾肥的最佳用量方法。同时,依据土壤有效钾测得值与玉米钾肥最佳用量的相关模式,提出了土壤有效钾在不同含量水平条件下,玉米施用钾肥最大效益与最高产量的推荐量。     

曲靖烟区土壤有效中量元素的空间变异特征及影响因子研究

为研究曲靖烟区土壤有效中量元素的空间分布特征及其影响因素,本文采用GPS技术在曲靖烟区采集2088个土壤样品,利用原子吸收分光光度法测定样品有效钙、有效镁和有效硫含量,利用地统计学和经典统计学分析了3种有效中量元素的空间变异特征及其影响因素,以为曲靖烟区土壤中量元素科学有效地分区管理及烤烟合理施肥提供依据.结果表明,曲...     

铁改性木本泥炭对镉砷复合污染稻田的修复效果研究

铁改性木本泥炭是一种新型环保有机类土壤调理剂,在稻田镉砷复合污染治理方面具有很大的应用潜力。为研究铁改性木本泥炭对稻田镉砷同步钝化效果的稳定性,在珠三角地区开展了三年的田间定位试验。结果表明:施加铁改性木本泥炭可显著降低稻米镉砷含量,下降率分别达到了41.3% ～ 57.6%和40.1%～55.8%;;可显著促进水稻增产,水稻单季撒施2 250 kg/hm~2铁改性木本泥炭,水稻增产810 ～1 125 kg/hm~2,增产率为14.3% ～18.4%;土壤的有效态镉和有效态砷含量同步降低,下降率分别为25.8% ～ 46.4%和42.6%～ 56.1%。而单施木本泥炭仅对稻米镉的吸收积累表现出较好的抑制作用,单施铁粉仅抑制了稻米砷的积累。此外,施加铁改性木本泥炭后,土壤pH提高了0.33 ～ 0.44个单位,有机质增加了2.1 ～ 3.3 g/kg,阳离子交换能力(CEC)提高了1.0～2.6 cmol/kg。这表明铁改性木本泥炭可以有效改善土壤的理化性质。对比2016—2018三年(六季)铁改性木本泥炭修复稻田镉砷复合污染效果发现,3年间早稻稻米镉砷含量下降率、产量增幅的年际差异均较小,晚稻亦然,表明铁改性木本泥炭可以稳定地抑制稻米镉砷积累、提高稻米产量。     

麦稻轮作高产条件下施磷对土壤速效磷及作物产量的影响

经过4年的田间定位试验，结果表明：在含磷量较高的土壤条件下（速效磷在25mg/kg^-1以上），随着施磷量的提高，土壤速效磷含量明显增加，在土壤中有累积现象，后作利用前茬磷肥后效，土壤速效磷有降低趋势，水稻施磷，当季产量具有明显增产效果，而且磷肥残效亦可满足后茬小麦对磷的需求，产量亦可保持在较高的水平上，根据施磷后土壤儿磷的规律及作物产量结果分析表明，在麦稻轮作高产栽培条件下，水稻麦施P2O5 90kg/hm^-2为宜，小麦季施P2O5 135kg/hm^-2为宜，每年一次性施磷即可满足作物生长发育的需要，根据我们的研究结果，水稻季施磷可降低磷肥用量，并能保持稻麦两作较高的产量水平，根据北方稻区小麦播种采取带稻撒播而不利施肥的耕作特点，认为水稻季施磷在北方麦稻轮作区是一项有利的，可行的高产低耗生产技术。     

信阳土壤锌的现状及杂交水稻施锌技术研究

信阳地区位于河南省南部,土壤类型有黄棕壤、黄褐土、潮土、水稻土等。通过土壤普查,发现全区土壤表层速效锌含量普遍偏低,土壤缺锌已成为限制作物产量和品质的重要障碍因素。1994～1996年我们在对信阳土壤锌的现状进行分析的基础上,对杂交水稻施锌技术作了系统试验,结果表明,杂交水稻锌肥耖口基施30～45kg／hm2和蘸秧根3～9kg／hm2增产效果十分显著。