Synthetic fibre as biological support in freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of synthetic fibre as a biological support for the adhesion of nitrifying bacteria in an aquaculture recirculation system (RAS). It was developed from three assays over 120 days. In the first assay, the synthetic fibres used as biological support were introduced in tanks of biological filtration of the system for posterior respirometry analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Respirometry and SEM were performed 10 days after inoculation with nitrifying microorganisms. Water quality parameters were monitored daily, and the respirometry showed that the bacteria in this assay were consuming the following amounts of ammonium: concentrations [C1]35.369 mg NH₃/L, R² = 0.9912; [C2]51.628 mg NH₃/L, R² = 0.9883; [C3]79.494 mg NH₃/L, R² = 0.986; and [C4]215.225 mg NH₃L, R² = 0.9934. In the second assay, a 1920-L tank was stocked with 120 Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, with an initial weight 32.11 ± 7.6 g and a biomass of 3.8 kg. After 60 days, the tank and its contents were assessed to evaluate zootechnical parameters and physical–chemical parameters of water quality. From these results, a third assay was developed in which the biomass of fish was increased to challenge the recirculation system. The tank was stocked with 480 jundiá Rhamdia quelen (initial weight 11.34 ± 2.4 g and biomass 5.4 kg) for 60 days. In both the tilapia and jundiá assays, the fish were fed four times per day with a commercial diet of 35% crude protein and 42% crude protein, respectively, at 5% of each individual fish’s body weight. At the end of the zootechnical assays, the synthetic fibres used showed efficient biological support for bacterial growth, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The fibres also demonstrated maintenance of the water quality, which allowed good fish growth in the recirculating aquaculture system, and the maintenance of up to 11.19 kg/m³ of biomass of fish.     

Effect of different biofloc system on water quality,biofloc composition and growth performance in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)

The experiment was conducted with three biofloc treatments and one control in triplicate in 500 L capacity indoor tanks. Biofloc tanks, filled with 350 L of water, were fed with sugarcane molasses (BFT_S), tapioca flour (BFT_T), wheat flour (BFT_W) and clean water as control without biofloc and allowed to stand for 30 days. The postlarvae of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) with an Average body weight of 0.15 ± 0.02 g were stocked at the rate of 130 PL m^?2 and cultured for a period of 60 days fed with pelleted feed at the rate of 1.5% of biomass. The total suspended solids (TSS) level was maintained at around 500 mg L^?1 in BFT tanks. The addition of carbohydrate significantly reduced the total ammonia‐N (TAN), nitrite‐N and nitrate‐N in water and it significantly increased the total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) population in the biofloc treatments. There was a significant difference in the final average body weight (8.49 ± 0.09 g) in the wheat flour treatment (BFT_W) than those treatment and control group of the shrimp. Survival of the shrimps was not affected by the treatments and ranged between 82.02% and 90.3%. The proximate and chemical composition of biofloc and proximate composition of the shrimp was significantly different between the biofloc treatments and control. Tintinids, ciliates, copepods, cyanobacteria and nematodes were identified in all the biofloc treatments, nematodes being the most dominant group of organisms in the biofloc. It could be concluded that the use of wheat flour (BFT_W) effectively enhanced the biofloc production and contributed towards better water quality which resulted in higher production of shrimp.     

红假单胞菌属光合细菌的一种规模化培养方法

为了研究红假单胞菌属光合细菌的规模化培养方法,2015年1月5日至2016年4月26日,将淡水鱼配合饲料与自来水混合后放置在玻璃温室,于有机玻璃柱中腐烂、发酵培养,培养期间不添加其他物质,也不添加菌种种源。实验过程中,随着饲料的腐烂,容器内壁上逐渐出现了暗红色物质附着,并且附着面积逐渐扩散到整个内壁,然后水体也逐渐转变为暗红色。结果显示,饲料腐烂过程中,水体TN、TP和TOC最高可分别达近1 200 mg/L、700 mg/L和2 700 mg/L,随后水体TN、TP和TOC出现降低趋势。微生物高通量测序分析结果显示,当水体呈现暗红色时,附着态微生物样品和浮游态微生物样品均以红假单胞菌属为最大的优势属,红假单胞菌属在附着态样品和浮游态样品中的相对丰度分别达到73.19%和54.31%,即实现了浮游态和附着态红假单胞菌属光合细菌的高密度培养。推断本实验中红假单胞菌规模化培养方法的机理:首先,异养菌降解饲料原料为小分子物质,随后在适当的水温、光照等物理因素的影响下,其中高浓度的氮、磷、碳以及金属离子、维生素、微量元素等小分子物质满足了红假单胞菌的高密度生长需求而大量生长成为优势种类。这提供了一种利用水产配合饲料与水一起发酵进行红假单胞菌属光合细菌规模化培养的方法,可为其他降解大分子有机物的异养菌的规模化培养提供参考。     

基于16SrDNA分析的浒苔外生细菌多样性研究

为研究浙江近海浒苔Ulva spp.(Enteromorpha spp.)外生细菌多样性,采用传统的形态学和16S rDNA测序分析的方法,从舟山朱家尖、宁海国华电厂和奉化南沙3个地区分离到可培养的浒苔外生细菌及其周围海水细菌65株。根据细菌菌落特征和革兰氏染色结果等将分离到的细菌分为26种表型。16S rDNA序列测序比对发现:菌株与不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、赤细菌属(Erythrobacter)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、深海杆菌属(Idiomarina)、Phaeobacter、Roseivirgaj和Silicibacter等23个属相应菌株具有较高同源性。对不同地区浒苔外生细菌进行了Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析。研究表明:(1)宁海国华电厂的浒苔外生细菌多样性最丰富,多样性指数为93.98%;(2)浒苔外生细菌与其生活地区密切相关,其群落组成具有地域差异,其优势类群也不尽相同,但均归属于变形菌门。     

侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus)溶藻活性代谢产物对虾池颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)溶藻效果研究

颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)为对虾养殖池塘中的一种常见的有害蓝藻。本实验以侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus)的除菌体滤液和颤藻为基础,研究各自在不同阶段的溶藻效果,通过测定藻体干重、叶绿素a含量以及藻蓝蛋白含量,探究溶藻效果的最佳作用阶段及其作用机理,为改善对虾养殖水环境提供一定的理论基础。实验结果表明：稳定期和衰亡期的除菌体滤液对颤藻的溶藻效果均影响极显著(P<0.01)：7天后颤藻干重分别减少了51.77%、47.04%,叶绿素a含量分别降低了67.60%、59.13%,藻蓝蛋白含量分别增加了33.51%、30.97%;溶藻细菌除菌体滤液对延滞期的颤藻溶藻效果影响极显著(P<0.01)：7天后颤藻干重减少了63.90%,叶绿素a含量下降了69.72%,藻蓝蛋白含量升高了54.17%。因此,本研究显示侧孢短芽孢杆菌培养至稳定期的除菌体滤液对延滞期颤藻的溶藻效果最好。     

In vitro and in vivo selection of probiotic purple nonsulphur bacteria with an ability to inhibit shrimp pathogens: acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease‐causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other vibrios

Shrimp cultivation has been faced with huge losses in productivity caused by infectious shrimp pathogenic vibrios, especially Vibrio parahaemolyticus that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Hence, purple nonsulphur bacteria (PNSB) were isolated from shrimp ponds for investigating their abilities to control shrimp pathogenic Vibrio spp. and their use as probiotics for sustainable shrimp cultivation. Based on their probiotic properties, strains S3W10 and SS15 were selected because of their strong abilities to produce amylase, gelatinase and vitamin B12. However, only three PNSB strains (SS15, TKW17 and STW181) strongly inhibited V. harveyi_KSAAHRC and V. vulnificus_KSAAHRC including V. parahaemolyticusAHPND strains by secreting antivibrio compounds. Four selected PNSB also grew in the presence of pancreatic enzymes, and they were identified as Rhodobacter sphaeroides for strains S3W10, SS15 and TKW17 and Afifella marina for strain STW181. The effects of a mixed culture were also investigated as follows: T1 (S3W10 + SS15), T2 (S3W10 + TKW17) and T3 (S3W10 + STW181) on postlarval white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) for 60 days by comparison with a control. All three probiotic PNSB sets significantly improved the digestive enzyme activities and shrimp growth with their proliferation in shrimp gastrointestinal tract although the shrimp survival was not significantly different. They also significantly reduced the cumulative mortality of shrimp exposed to a virulent AHPND strain (V. parahaemolyticusSR2). This is the first to conclude that selected probiotic PNSB strains have great potential to be used for shrimp cultivation to control vibrios including AHPND strains.     

Health-beneficial effects of probiotics: Its mode of action

It is now widely recognized that probiotics have health-beneficial effects on humans and animals. Probiotics should survive in the intestinal tract to exert beneficial effects on the host's health. To keep a sufficient level of probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, a shorter interval between doses may be required. Although adherence to the intestinal epithelial cell and mucus is not a universal property of probiotics, high ability to adhere to the intestinal surface might strongly interfere with infection of pathogenic bacteria and regulate the immune system. The administration of probiotic Lactobacillus stimulated indigenous Lactobacilli and the production of short-chain fatty acids. This alteration of the intestinal environment should contribute to maintain the host's health. The immunomodulatory effects of probiotics are related to important parts of their beneficial effects. Probiotics may modulate the intestinal immune response through the stimulation of certain cytokine and IgA secretion in intestinal mucosa. The health-beneficial effects, in particular the immunomodulation effect, of probiotics depend on the strain used. Differences in indigenous intestinal microflora significantly alter the magnitude of the effects of a probiotic. Specific probiotic strains suitable for each animal species and their life stage as well as each individual should be found.     

Effects of concentrate‐to‐forage ratios and 2‐methylbutyrate supplementation on ruminal fermentation,bacteria abundance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in Chinese Simmental steers

This study evaluated the effects of dietary concentrate levels and 2‐methylbutyrate (2MB ) supplementation on performance, ruminal fermentation, bacteria abundance, microbial enzyme activity and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD ) in steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (12 months of age; 389 ± 3.7 kg of body weight) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Moderate‐concentrate (400 g/kg diet [MC ]) or high‐concentrate (600 g/kg diet [HC ]) diets were fed with or without 2MB (0 g/day [2MB ?] or 15.0 g/day [2MB +]). Dry matter intake and average daily gain increased, but feed conversion ratio decreased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Ruminal pH decreased, but total volatile fatty acid increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Molar proportion of acetate and acetate‐to‐propionate ratio decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Propionate molar proportion and ruminal NH ₃‐N content increased with the HC diet, but decreased with 2MB supplementation. Neutral detergent fibre degradability decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Crude protein degradability increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Abundance of Ruminococcus albus , Ruminococcus flavefaciens , Fibrobacter succinogenes and Bufyrivibrio fibrisolvens as well as activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase and pectinase decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. However, abundance of Prevotella ruminicola and Ruminobacter amylophilus as well as activities of α‐amylase and protease increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Total PD excretion also increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. The results suggested that growth performance, ruminal fermentation, CP degradability and total PD excretion increased with increasing dietary concentrate level from 40% to 60% or 2MB supplementation. The observed diet × 2MB interaction indicated that supplementation of 2MB was more efficacious for improving growth performance, ruminal fermentation and total PD excretion with promoted ruminal bacteria abundance and enzyme activity in the MC diet than in the HC diet.     

施用接种解磷真菌的壮秧剂对水稻秧苗生长特性及磷素吸收的影响

通过苗床培养试验,研究了在低有效磷营养土上施用接种解磷青霉菌的壮秧剂对水稻秧苗的生长特性及磷素吸收的影响。结果表明,在低磷条件下,施用接种解磷菌的壮秧剂可以显著提高水稻秧苗的株高、地上部干、鲜生物量、根系活力、地上部磷含量和磷吸收量,在5个处理中,P2处理水稻秧苗的株高比对照提高16.81%,地上部鲜生物量比对照增加21.28%,地上部干生物量比对照增加12.42%,地上部磷含量比对照提高31.11%,地上部磷素吸收量比对照提高44.03%,表现效果较好,其次是P1和P4处理,其中P1处理的根部干、鲜生物量、根部的磷素含量和磷素吸收量均高于其他处理。在有效磷较低的土壤上,施用接种解磷菌的壮秧剂,可以促进作物苗期生长,分解土壤中难溶性磷,提高土壤磷素的利用效率。