Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

我国设施农业发展探讨

在简单介绍国内外设施农业发展现状的基础上,针对影响我国设施农业发展的技术水平不高、用地矛盾突出、投入相对不足、适用农机具少4个主要因素,提出重视人力资本培育、加快农村金融创新、健全土地流转机制、提高农民组织化程度的对策。     

Nitrogen for no‐tillage corn in Virginia: Sources and time of application

Abstract

No‐tillage corn (Zea mays L.) culture normally entails the placement of N fertilizer on the soil surface without mechanical incorporation. This field investigation was conducted to compare the N fertilizers that are most widely used in Virginia, when applied in this manner, for their effectiveness in producing notillage corn. Comparisons of the time of applying NH₄NO₃ were also made. Grain and stover yields, in addition to N removed in the crop, were used to draw conclusions. The experiments were conducted on both fertile and infertile soils in 1972 and 1973, both of which were relatively wet years. The fertilizers tested, urea, NH₄NO₃, and N solutions, were equally effective, per unit of N applied. Split applications of NH₄NO₃ showed no statistically significant advantage over all applied at planting but slightly trended to do so. N deficiency reduced grain yields relatively more than stover yields.     

The relationship between phosphorus and copper concentrations in wheat

Abstract

Poorly managed kaolinitic soils are often too low in P and K for optimum agronomic crop production. Even though many of these soils have relatively high phosphate fixing capacities, P applied at sufficient rates to increase soil P to acceptable levels may induce micronutrient deficiencies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of applied and residual P on Mn, Zn, and Cu uptake by field grown wheat (Triticum aestivum). Treatments were a one‐time application of P (0, 64, 128, 256, and 384 kg/ha P) and K (0, 110, 220, 440, and 660 kg/ha K) rates arranged in a 5×5 complete factorial. The treatments were applied in October, 1977 and the study was continued through June, 1979. Potassium and P × K interactions did not have a significant effect on Mn, Zn, or Cu uptake. Phosphorus did not affect Mn concentration in the wheat tissue but Zn and Cu concentrations generally decreased as applied and residual soil P levels increased. The tissue Zn concentration at the various plant growth stages did not decrease below defined critical levels. The Cu concentration decreased linearly with applied P and curvilinearly with residual P. The tissue Cu levels often decreased below suggested critical levels. Total Cu in the wheat tissue indicated that the decrease in Cu concentration as P levels increased was not a simple dilution effect resulting from increased plant growth as applied and residual soil P increased.     

基于卓越计划的食品工程创新人才培养模式构建与实践

以培养食品工程卓越工程师为指引,分析了食品产业发展前景及对应用型创新人才的需求,提出了以产业为导向的食品工程创新人才培养模式,构建了产业导向型"3+1"学历运行模式与教学运行机制。旨在专业贴近产业,教学贴近企业,按通用标准与产业标准培养人才。     

高油玉米需磷特性及磷素对籽粒营养品质的影响

在高产条件下探讨了高油玉米的需磷特性,结果表明,单株磷吸收量1.427g,每公顷需纯磷85.65kg,其中开花前吸收量约占总吸收量的47%,花后吸收量占53%,灌浆期为吸收高峰;形成100kg籽粒需磷0.74kg,显著高于普通玉米。植株磷总吸收量与籽粒含油率、蛋白质含量、油分产量和蛋白质产量均呈正相关。盆栽试验表明,施磷能促进高     

潢川地区紫云英绿肥翻压对土壤肥力、水稻产量及经济效益的影响

为研究潢川地区紫云英翻压还田与化肥减量配施对土壤肥力、水稻产量及经济效益的影响。本试验分别在潢川县伞陂镇和黄寺岗镇两个具有代表性的试验点进行田间小区试验,共设6个处理,以筛选出紫云英还田与化肥的最佳施肥配比。紫云英与不同量的化肥配施,均能明显提高土壤有机质、容重及土壤中氮、磷、钾等养分的有效性,同时对水稻的株高、穗长、亩穗数等经济学性状也有明显提升作用。且紫云英翻压与100%常规施肥配施,稻谷产量最高,紫云英翻压与80%常规施肥配施的处理稻谷产量次之。同时,紫云英翻压与100%、80%、60%常规施肥配施,其经济效益均高于常规施肥,尤其是紫云英翻压与80%常规施肥配施的处理,产投比最高,其次是紫云英翻压与100%常规施肥配比。综合考虑稻谷产量、总经济效益、产投比及化肥减量投入来看,紫云英翻压与80%常规施肥配比为最优组合。     

广西独立学院应用型本科食品专业生产实习学生去向分析

探讨食品专业生产实习学生去向特点,为产教融合培养食品专业应用型人才提供参考。以广西科技大学鹿山学院食品专业生产实习数据为基础进行计算分析。结果表明,食品检测机构和食品企业是学生实习的主要去向,其中到食品检测机构实习的学生比例逐年增加,且以集中实习为主;广东和广西是学生实习的主要聚集地,其中以广东一线城市为主;实习单位地理位置、实习待遇、上班制度及学生择业等因素影响实习去向。可见,本科食品专业与广东一线城市食品检测机构深度融合协同培养应用型人才具有良好的基础条件。     

滴灌水盐调控施肥灌溉对青海油菜产量及水肥利用的影响

针对青海油菜农业生产对滴灌水肥管理及次生盐渍化防治的需求,布置了5个滴灌施肥灌溉比例(施肥量分别为当地油菜施肥量的10%、30%、50%,70%、90%)对油菜产量及水肥利用影响的田间试验,试验通过控制滴头正下方0.2m处的土壤基质势下限高于-20kPa进行滴灌水盐调控和施肥灌溉。试验结果表明:在青海高寒干旱地区、微咸水灌溉条件下,在滴灌高频灌溉阶段,0~0.4m油菜根系分布层土壤水分、盐分和养分状况良好,但当停止施肥灌溉后,土壤养分含量降低,表层土壤盐分升高,但0.3~1.2m土体盐分基本维持平衡。滴灌高频施肥灌溉有利于提高油菜的产量、肥料利用效率和灌溉水利用效率,并且当施肥比例为当地油菜施肥量的50%左右时,油菜产量高、肥料偏生产力较高。     

“翻转课堂”创新型线上教育在研究生课程中的应用

通过研究翻转式教学方法、教学策略和教学内容,针对线上教学,开发相应学习资源,提出教学引导独立学习的有效改革措施,完善、提高创新型人才培养的质量。利用翻转课堂的教学模式,建立完善和牢固的知识体系,培养良好的创新能力和创新思维;同时提高教师的指导能力和科研能力。通过基于翻转课堂模式的创新人才培养研究,提高研究生教学水平,促进研究生培养水平的整体提高。