灵芝多糖拌种对小麦抗纹枯病的诱导效应及生长发育影响

【目的】真菌多糖能够调节作物生长,激活植株的防御反应,诱导植株对植物真菌和病毒病害产生抗性,具有广谱性和持效性的特点。通过灵芝多糖拌种的方式,研究灵芝多糖对小麦抗纹枯病的诱导效应及对生长发育的影响。【方法】选用纹枯病高感小麦品种济麦22、中感品种山农23、中抗品种鲁原502,采用室内盆栽的方法每盆混入20 mL相同浓度的纹枯病菌培养液,使用4、8 g a.i./100 kg种子剂量的灵芝多糖进行拌种,用清水处理作为对照组。通过调查植株病情指数,计算相对防治效果以评价灵芝多糖对小麦抗纹枯病的诱导效果,并从叶绿素和丙二醛（MDA）含量、防御酶活性的角度评价其诱导抗性的作用机制。同时测定使用清水和4、8 g a.i./100 kg种子剂量的灵芝多糖进行拌种后各处理的发芽率、株高以及根系活力等生长指标。【结果】小麦纹枯病高感品种济麦22、中感品种山农23、中抗品种鲁原502经灵芝多糖拌种后,小麦的生长发育、小麦抗纹枯病的效果以及小麦体内防御酶活性和MDA的含量等各项指标具有相同的趋势。灵芝多糖拌种对小麦生长指标具有一定的促进作用,4、8 g a.i./100 kg种子剂量的灵芝多糖拌种济麦22的发芽势分别为53.50%和52.75%,显著高于空白对照。在小麦出苗7 d后,经4、8 g a.i./100 kg种子剂量的灵芝多糖处理的3个小麦品种的株高均显著高于对照,并且处理剂量越高,诱导效果越明显。灵芝多糖拌种能够显著提高小麦的根系活力和叶绿素含量,同样处理剂量越高,诱导效果越明显,8 g a.i./100 kg种子剂量灵芝多糖拌种后,济麦22根系活力为0.26 mg·g^-1·h^-1,是空白对照的2.77倍;济麦22的叶绿素a、b含量分别为1.96、0.96 mg·g^-1,是空白对照的1.52、1.44倍。灵芝多糖拌种可以对小麦纹枯病产生一定的防控效果,以高感品种济麦22为例,8 g a.i./100 kg种子剂量的灵芝多糖拌种在小麦完全出苗后7、14和21 d对小麦纹枯病的防效分别为33.7%、31.9%和30.4%。同时,小麦叶片防御酶活性明显上升,MDA含量下降。8 g a.i./100 kg种子剂量灵芝多糖拌种后,济麦22苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）的活性分别为60.72 U·min^-1·g^-1 FW、2.45 U·g^-1 FW、135.67 U·min^-1·g^-1 FW,分别是空白对照的1.10、1.32、1.13倍。MDA含量为1.48 μmol·g^-1,比对照组降低26.1%。【结论】灵芝多糖拌种对小麦种子发芽和植株幼苗的生长具有一定的促进作用,增加小麦体内叶绿素的含量,增强根系活力,能够诱导小麦植株抗纹枯病,提高小麦叶片防御酶的活性,降低MDA的含量。     

Linkage analysis of RFLP markers for clubroot resistance and pigmentation in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis)

A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) – based linkage map of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) (2n=20) including two agronomic traits, clubroot resistance and orange-yellow pigmentation, was constructed using doubled haploid parents. The total linkage distance was 735 cM; 63 loci were distributed into ten linkage groups. Clubroot resistance of the parental line T136-8 to the current pathotype, race 2, was predominantly controlled by a single dominant gene that originated from European turnip. The locus for clubroot resistance by the dominant major gene (CRa) was mapped on linkage group 3, and RFLP loci HC352b and HC181 were located 3 cM and 12 cM from it, respectively. The locus HC352b was identified by a 4.4 Kb Eco R I fragment, which segregated for null allele. The absence of an allelic fragment in HC352b could be interpreted by deletion in the resistance source; homozygotes for CRa could be efficiently selected by detecting null types for the marker. Orange-yellow pigmentation expressed in head inner leaves and petals was governed by a single recessive gene. The locus (Oy) for the pigmentation was mapped on linkage group 1, being located 17–19 cM from three RFLP loci that were closely linked to each other. The linkage analysis for clubroot resistance and unique pigmentation revealed some informative RFLP markers. Identification of molecular markers for clubroot resistance and other agronomically important traits would provide useful information in breeding programs of Chinese cabbage. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

气温对杂交水稻Ⅱ优718结实率的影响分析

本文采用5个品种,6个播期的裂区试验设计,研究在自然高温和低温胁迫下Ⅱ优718的结实率表现。结果表明:①结实率的大小依次是:辐恢838>Ⅱ优838>辐恢718>Ⅱ优718>Ⅱ-32B;②结实率与产量的回归系数大小依次是:Ⅱ优718>辐恢838>Ⅱ优838>辐恢718>Ⅱ-32B;③抽穗前15 d的活动积温和有效积温对结实率的影响较小,而抽穗后的活动积温和有效积温对结实率的影响较大;④Ⅱ优718、Ⅱ优838在抽穗后都具有一定的耐高温性,且Ⅱ优718、Ⅱ优838的耐高温性主要来自于其父本;⑤辐恢718的耐高温性能比辐恢838好,Ⅱ优718、Ⅱ优838比3个亲本的耐高温性能都好;⑥各品种的耐低温性依次是:Ⅱ优838>辐恢838>Ⅱ优718>辐恢718>Ⅱ32B,且Ⅱ优718与Ⅱ优838两个品种的耐低温能力在同一水平上;⑦Ⅱ优718与Ⅱ优838的结实率受父本的影响均大于母本。     

马铃薯同大豆间作防控大豆蚜的两种人工调控措施

在马铃薯同大豆间作中,采用喷洒蜂蜜水和早熟马铃薯刈秧的方法对马铃薯田内的天敌昆虫向大豆田内诱集和助迁,使得大豆田内天敌数量增加,从而使大豆蚜的防控更加有效。试验结果表明,喷洒蜂蜜水使得处理区内天敌总量增长率高于对照区,持续时间达7 d;早熟马铃薯刈秧使处理区内天敌数量增加,同时大豆蚜数量明显降低,该方法同马铃薯收获时间相吻合,具有良好的防控效果和较长的持效时间,因此在应用于促进马铃薯田中天敌向大豆田内转移具有一定的意义。     

Induced resistance: a tool for fungicide resistance management

Induced resistance to the apple scab fungus Venturia inaequalis was demonstrated in greenhouse tests with 12-day-old seedlings of the apple cultivar Golden Delicious treated with methyl 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinate or 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid prior to inoculation with the causal fungus. Studies of the dose-response of flusilazole on induced resistant plants revealed synergistic effects between both crop protection principles. Therefore, the use of such resistance-inducing compounds in the field might allow a reduction in the number of fungicide applications, and possibly a reduction in dose, thus resulting in improved efficacy of fungicides. There was also evidence that induced resistance could prove to be a valid strategy for the treatment of pathogen populations with reduced sensitivity to a given fungicide. © 1998 SCI     

大棚和露地兼用黄瓜新品种中农18 号的选育

摘　要：中农18 号是以强雌性系081048 为母本,以081006 为父本育成的黄瓜一代杂种。早熟性好,
主蔓结瓜为主,瓜码较密。瓜色深绿,瓜长33～38 cm,商品瓜率高。刺瘤密,白刺,瘤中小,无棱,无
黄色条纹。抗白粉病、霜霉病、枯萎病、WMV、ZYMV,中抗CMV。丰产潜力大,每667 m² 产量可达
10 000 kg。适宜春秋大棚和露地栽培。     

水杨酸对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜种子活力及抗盐性的影响

以黄瓜种子为试材,采用SA进行浸种处理,研究SA对缓解黄瓜种子盐害的效应。结果表明:不同浓度SA浸种能在一定程度上提高黄瓜种子抗盐能力,其发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均较对照组高,而种子MDA含量和外渗液电导率均低于对照组。其中0.50 mmol/L SA处理的种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数最高;而0.75 mmol/L SA处理对种子MDA含量和外渗液电导率的降低效果最佳。适当浓度外源SA能够提高NaCl胁迫下黄瓜种子的活力,保护细胞膜的完整性,从而提高种子的抗盐性。     

速生意大利杨木防腐与强化复合改性

采用氨溶烷基铜铵(ACQ)防腐剂与脲醛树脂(UF)调制成的相溶复合改性剂,对速生意大利杨木进行一次性真空浸渍处理,使处理材力学性能提高并达到强防腐等级.优化工艺参数为:浸渍压力0.6 MPa、加压2 h、ACQ与UF的体积比为4∶1.处理后主要力学性能指标均提高22.46%以上.对浸渍材进行表面密实化优化工艺处理(压缩率为20%),各项力学性能指标均比素材提高52%以上.对浸渍材与ACQ处理材抗水、酸、碱抽提的抗流失性进行对比试验,前者比后者固着率提高0.84%以上.应用X射-线荧光光谱仪的Cu2+跟踪法,定量分析了浸渍材复合改性剂的含量分布和改性效果.     

我国黄瓜抗病品种选育技术研究进展

黄瓜在我国蔬菜产业中占有重要地位,然而连片种植、重茬栽培等条件下容易滋生病菌,尤其是随着我国保护地蔬菜生产规模的扩大,棚室内的温湿度条件更利于病害的发生与流行,黄瓜生产上面临着严重的病虫害威胁,包括生理性病害、感染性病害及虫害等。本文从抗病品种选育的角度分析了黄瓜病害抗病品种选育技术,并简要介绍了其他防治方法,展望了相关研究的发展方向,为黄瓜病虫害的防治提供参考。     

美洲斑潜蝇寄主植物生化抗性机制的初步研究

测定了美洲斑潜蝇3种寄主植物15个品种叶片中化学物质含量,应用偏相关分析法、多元回归分析法分析探讨了美洲斑潜蝇寄主植物生化抗性机制。结果表明,3种作物及其各自品种间叶片中可溶性糖、蛋白质和单宁含量差异均达显著水平;美洲斑潜蝇对作物的选择性和抗生性与作物叶片中化学物质含量密切相关,其中蛋白质与抗性关系最为密切,其次为可溶性糖,再次为单宁。