空气相对湿度对粘虫飞翔活动的影响

在室内条件下，系统研究了粘早蛾飞翔活动与温度的关系，试验结果表明，空气相对湿度对粘虫蛾的翔活动具有显著影响，干燥或极端潮湿的条件均不利于粘虫飞翔活动，适宜的空气相对湿度为７０％－８５％。在蛾龄或温度不同的情况下，湿度对其飞翔活动的影响是一致的。在不同相对温度下由飞翔活动造成的体重和水分损失随温度的增加而减少，且蛾龄越低其损耗愈重。另外，根据测试结果讨论了粘虫在自然情况下迁悦时的空间位置等问题。     

Synthesis and biological activity of furanyl anti-juvenile hormonal compounds

Twenty-one synthetic compounds, containing one or more furan rings, were demonstrated to possess anti-juvenile hormone (AJH) activity as evidenced by their induction of premature metamorphosis in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) by contact, topical application or fumigation. The ED₅₀ of the four most active analogs required to induce precocious metamorphosis from 3rd-instar nymphs by residue contact in a Petri dish compared favorably with that of precocene II (6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl 2H-chromene) a naturally occurring phytochemical AJH. Precocious metamorphosis was fully reversible by co-treatment with juvenile hormone (JH III) or JH analogs, demonstrating that the observed AJH activity resulted from an induced deficiency of juvenile hormone.     

Inhibition of juvenile hormone biosynthesis and methyl farnesoate epoxidase activity by 1,5-disubstituted imidazoles in the cockroach,Diploptera punctata

Seventeen substituted imidazoles were tested as inhibitors of juvenile hormone (JH) III synthesis by cockroach corpora allata in an in-vitro radio-chemical assay. Most of these 1,5-disubstituted imidazoles were highly potent, with IC₅₀ values of less than 100nM. The compounds differed in their ability to cause an accumulation of the precursor methyl farnesoate in the glands. Four of the imidazoles were tested by topical application to previtellogenic adult females, and all caused a significant inhibition of JH synthesis and an accumulation of intraglandular methyl farnesoate for at least three days after treatment. Methyl farnesoate epoxidase activity of homogenates of corpora allata was inhibited by the compounds TH -14 and TH -27. This P450-dependent epoxidase activity was inhibited at less than 10 nM. The results show that the 1,5-disubstituted imidazoles are powerful inhibitors of the last step of juvenile synthesis in this cockroach.     

家蝇（Musca domestica Vicina L.）头部乙酰胆碱酯酶检测农药残留最佳条件研究

系统研究了敏感家蝇Musca domestica Vicina L.羽化后不同天数其头部乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的比活力、敏感度以及酶源蛋白质含量的变化;缓冲液pH值对家蝇头部AChE比活力的影响。结果表明:家蝇初羽化至羽化后第15 d,其头部AChE的比活力逐渐升高 ,而酶源蛋白质的含量逐渐下降(187.022 2±9.021 3~83.022 2±7.111 1 μg/头)。羽化后2~4 d,其头部AChE的敏感度最高;初羽化和羽化后第15 d,敌敌畏的I50分别是羽化后第3 d的1.4倍和2.1倍。在一定的pH值范围内(6.6~8.0),家蝇头部AChE的比活力随缓冲液pH值的升高而增大。本研究为利用家蝇头部AChE检测有机磷残留量探索了最佳条件。     

Synthesis and insecticidal activity of benzoheterocyclic analogues of N'-benzoyl-N-(tert-butyl)benzohydrazide: Part 3. Modification of N-tert-butylhydrazine moiety

Nineteen analogues were synthesized by modifying the tert-butylhydrazine moieties of N'-tert-butyl-N'-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carbohydrazide and N'-tert-butyl-N'-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-5-methylchromane-6-carbohydrazide (chromafenozide), and the synthesized analogues were evaluated for their insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura F. While all of the synthesized analogues had insecticidal activity inferior to those of the lead compounds, several of the analogues nonetheless showed high insecticidal activity. Chromafenozide has shown very high selectivity toward lepidopteran species.     

Induced resistance in cotton seedlings against fusarium wilt by dried biomass of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium chrysogenum</Emphasis> and its water extract

Dry mycelium (DM) of killedPenicillium chrysogenum and its water extract (DME) were used to induce resistance in cotton plants againstFusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum (Fov). Results showed that the efficacy of either DM or DME in controlling the disease depends on both the concentration and the mode of application. DM amended to the soil at 0.25–2% (w/w) provided 32–75% protection againstFov. Soil drench with 2–5% DME (w/v) and pre-sowing seed soakage with 5–10% DME provided 51–77% and 28–35% protection against the wilt disease, respectively, whereas no protection was obtained with foliar sprays of 1–10% DME. DM and its water extract had no direct antifungal activity on growth ofFov in vitro, suggesting that disease control with DM or DME resulted from the induction of natural defense mechanisms in the cotton plants. Soil drench with 5% DME was as effective as 2% DM powder in inducing resistance againstFov, implying that the resistance-inducing substances were mostly water-soluble. Four cotton cultivars with various genetic resistance levels againstFov were tested at the seedling stage: two resistant ‘Pima’ cultivars and two susceptible ‘Acala’ cultivars. The level of protection achieved in the two susceptible cultivars with DME was equal to, or higher than, that of the two resistant cultivars treated with water. Innate and induced peroxidase activity in cotyledons or hypocotyls and roots coincided with the level of genetic resistance and DME-induced resistance, respectively. Based on our results, an integrated control strategy ofFov with both genetic resistance and induced resistance is suggested.     

Development of novel pesticides based on phytoalexins: Part 2. Quantitative structure-activity relationships of 2-heteroaryl-4-chromanone derivatives

Phytoalexins are low-molecular-weight chemicals that immune systems of plants produce and accumulate in response to infections, especially those of fungal origin. Although their content is not high in plants, yet they have shown unique fungicidal activity and played an important role in the defence system of plants. In searching for novel environmentally benign fungicides with high activity, the structures of flavanone derivatives, one of the most important phytoalexins groups, have been modified via bioisosteric substitution and a series of 2-heteroaryl-4-chromanones were designed and synthesized. They showed good fungicidal activities against rice blast disease, Pyricularia grisea (Sacc). Their IC50 values were tested in vitro and the relationship between structure and fungicidal activity was analyzed quantitatively using a Hansch-Fujita approach. The results showed that hydrophobicity was very important for fungicidal activity and there is apparently an optimum hydrophobic property for the molecules at a log Pow value of about 2.7. In addition, the results indicated that electronic effects played an important role in binding with the receptor and that the C=O group was probably a electron-accepting site. The quantitative structure-retention correlative equation of the title compounds was also established.     

Structural effects of dinotefuran and analogues in insecticidal and neural activities

The insecticidal potencies of dinotefuran and analogues against the adult male American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L) were measured by injection with or without metabolic inhibitors. The potency of dinotefuran was close to those of clothianidin and imidacloprid under the conditions used. The nerve-excitatory and nerve-blocking activities were measured with central nerve cords of P americana. The nerve-excitatory activity of dinotefuran was lower than that of imidacloprid, but was comparable with that of clothianidin. The nerve-blocking activity of dinotefuran was comparable with that of imidacloprid and slightly higher than that of clothianidin. Quantitative analyses showed that variations in the insecticidal activity were better correlated with variations in the nerve-blocking activity than with those in the nerve-excitatory activity when the contribution of the hydrophobic factor was allowed for.     

锌、铁和维生素A互作对肉仔鸡血清中抗氧化生化指标的影响

试验选用360只健康1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡(公母混养),采用2×2×3三因子析因化设计,将360只试验雏鸡随机分成12组,每组设3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。锌的添加浓度为:50、100mg/kg,铁的添加浓度为:30、60mg/kg,维生素A(VA)的添加浓度为:1500、3000、6000 IU/kg。以此来研究不同水平的锌、铁、VA同时添加时,三者间在肉仔鸡血清抗氧化功能方面的互作效应。研究结果表明:从血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛含量4个血液生化指标来看,锌、铁和VA三者之间表现出了显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。并且综合血清生化指标分析,锌、铁和VA的最适添加量分别为100mg/kg、60mg/kg和3000 IU/kg。     

茶皂素在动物生产中的应用

茶皂素的生物活性与其结构有关,本文就茶皂素的组成、结构,生物活性及茶皂素在动物生产中的应用作一综述。