长三角地区景观生态风险与人类活动强度的响应及其时空关联

人类活动是诱发区域生态风险的重要因素,但生态风险与人类活动在不同尺度下的表征效果不一,响应程度不同,从多尺度科学地研究区域景观生态风险与人类活动强度的关联特征对于协调区域人地关系地域系统矛盾,推动地区可持续发展具有重要意义。该研究以长三角地区为研究对象,基于1990—2020年4期土地利用、夜间灯光、人口空间分布数据,建立市域、县域、格网三级尺度,构建景观生态风险及人类活动强度评估模型,刻画不同尺度下二者的时空响应特征,并基于Copula函数、双变量空间自相关及耦合协调度模型,揭示景观生态风险与人类活动强度的时空关联性。结果表明：1)1990—2020年间不同尺度下长三角地区景观生态风险均呈现北高南低的空间分布格局,且高风险地区持续减少,低风险区均呈增加趋势,其中市域尺度下高风险地区的减势最明显,而县域尺度下,低及中低风险区总体增势最为显著;2)1990—2020年间不同尺度下长三角地区人类活动强度均呈现东北高西南低的空间分布格局且高强度区域均呈现显著上升趋势,而低强度区域均明显下降,其中格网尺度下高强度区域增幅最大,达13.42个百分点,市域尺度下低强度区域的减幅最为明显,达9.76...     

魔芋葡甘聚糖接枝共聚物的合成及其抗菌活性

考察了一种实验室自制的魔芋葡甘聚糖季铵盐衍生物(KGM-g-DMAE-BC)的合成以及抗菌性能。正交试验优选出的最佳合成条件为:反应温度70℃,单体质量比(mKGM∶mDMAE-BC)1∶5,引发剂用量0.7 mmol/L,反应时间3 h。悬菌定量实验结果表明:KGM-g-DMAE-BC(接枝率为38.5%)对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及白色念珠菌有较强的杀菌作用,在振荡作用15 m in后,平均灭杀率分别为99.99%、94.26%和99.99%。     

铜对烟草光合特性的影响

以烟草为材料,研究了铜对烟草光合作用特性的影响.结果表明,播前采用适宜浓度的硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O)溶液处理土壤和种子,能够提高烟草叶片的光合色素含量、希尔反应活力、光合速率和比叶重.铜对烟草光合特性的影响表现为低浓度促进和高浓度抑制的双重作用,且低浓度的促进作用随着时间的延长而减弱,高浓度的抑制作用随着时间的延长而加强.     

Ulva (Enteromorpha) Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides: A Potential Functional Food Source from Green-Tide-Forming Macroalgae

The high-valued utilization of Ulva (previously known as Enteromorpha) bioresources has drawn increasing attention due to the periodic blooms of world-wide green tide. The polysaccharide is the main functional component of Ulva and exhibits various physiological activities. The Ulva oligosaccharide as the degradation product of polysaccharide not only possesses some obvious activities, but also possesses excellent solubility and bioavailability. Both Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides hold promising potential in the food industry as new functional foods or food additives. Studies on Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are increasing and have been the focus of the marine bioresources field. However, the comprehensive review of this topic is still rare and do not cover the recent advances of the structure, isolation, preparation, activity and applications of Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. This review systematically summarizes and discusses the recent advances of chemical composition, extraction, purification, structure, and activity of Ulva polysaccharides as well as oligosaccharides. In addition, the potential applications as new functional food and food additives have also been considered, and these will definitely expand the applications of Ulva oligosaccharides in the food and medical fields.     

In Vitro Anticancer and Cancer-Preventive Activity of New Triterpene Glycosides from the Far Eastern Starfish Solaster pacificus

Sea stars or starfish (class Asteroidea) and holothurians or sea cucumbers (class Holothuroidea), belonging to the phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms), are characterized by different sets of glycosidic metabolites: the steroid type in starfish and the triterpene type in holothurians. However, herein we report the isolation of eight new triterpene glycosides, pacificusosides D–K (1–3, 5–9) along with the known cucumarioside D (4), from the alcoholic extract of the Far Eastern starfish Solaster pacificus. The isolated new compounds are closely related to the metabolites of sea cucumbers, and their structures of 1–3 and 5–9 were determined by extensive NMR and ESIMS techniques. Compounds 2, 5, and 8 have a new type of tetrasaccharide chain with a terminal non-methylated monosaccharide unit. Compounds 3, 6, and 9 contain another new type of tetrasaccharide chain, having 6-O-SO₃-Glc as one of the sugar units. The cytotoxic activity of 1–9 against non-cancerous mouse epidermal cells JB6 Cl41 and human melanoma cell lines SK-MEL-2, SK-MEL-28, and RPMI-7951 was determined by MTS assay. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, and 9 showed potent cytotoxicity against these cell lines, but the cancer selectivity (SI > 9) was observed only against the SK-MEL-2 cell line. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, and 9 at the non-toxic concentration of 0.1 μM significantly inhibited neoplastic cell transformation of JB6 Cl41 cells induced by chemical carcinogens (EGF, TPA) or ionizing radiation (X-rays and UVB). Moreover, compounds 1 and 4 at the non-toxic concentration of 0.1 µM possessed the highest inhibiting activity on colony formation among the investigated compounds and decreased the colonies number of SK-MEL-2 cells by 64% and 70%, respectively. Thus, triterpene glycosides 1 and 4 can be considered as prospective cancer-preventive and anticancer-compound leaders.     

氮素形态对小麦幼苗叶绿体色素蛋白复合体含量及希尔反应活性的影响

采用水培方法研究了不同氮素形态对小麦幼苗叶绿体色素、色素蛋白复合体及希尔反应活性的影响.结果表明,50%硝态氮 50%铵态氮处理时,电泳条带中31～43kD范围内的多肽组分及高分量区属于PSⅠ的多肽组分含量最高,两种氮素形态单独施用时最低;叶片的光吸收能力、叶绿素含量及叶绿体蛋白含量均在氮素形态配比相等时达到最大,两种氮素形态单独施用时最低;希尔反应活性则随着铵态氮比例降低而降低.     

河西走廊产区酒球菌酯酶活性对葡萄酒酯类香气物质的影响

试验以2株本土O. oeni GF-2、ZX-1和商业菌株VP41为供试菌株,在模拟酒中动态监测苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中菌株的C2、C4、C6酯酶活性,分析比较不同初始pH值、乙醇浓度、SO2添加量和发酵温度对菌株产酶规律的影响;通过微酿试验探讨供试菌株对霞多丽干白葡萄酒香气品质的影响。结果表明,在不同p H值条件下,本土O.oeni菌株的酯酶活性明显高于商业菌株VP41,其中ZX-1的最大酯酶活性比VP41的高出约63.42%;乙醇浓度8%时,所有供试菌株均具有最大酯酶活性,且本土O.oeni菌株具有更强的产酶能力;在不同SO2添加量影响下,2株本土O.oeni的酯酶累积活性均显著高于VP41(P0.05);18、22℃发酵温度下,GF-2的酯酶活性显著高于菌株VP41(P0.05)。供试菌株的总酯酶活性依次为ZX-1、GF-2、VP41;最佳产酶条件均为乙醇浓度12%、p H值3.6、SO2添加量30 mg/L、发酵温度22℃,其中以ZX-1的酯酶活性累计量最高(620.97m U/m L)。与商业菌株VP41相比,经本土GF-2、ZX-1菌株发酵的酒样具有更浓郁的果香和良好的余香持久性。综合分析,本土与商业O.oeni菌株均可以成功完成苹果酸-乳酸发酵,尤其是ZX-1菌株具有较强的产酯酶能力,可有效提升霞多丽干白葡萄酒中的果香和花香类化合物含量,明显增强酒体的地域风格和典型性。     

基于生物酶法的酰基化桑椹花青素的制备与特性

为尽可能减少花青素的降解,提高其稳定性,采用生物酶法,对桑椹花青素进行酰基化修饰,并与非酰基化花青素进行对比研究。运用单因素试验筛选脂肪酶、反应溶剂和酰基供体,分析对花青素酰基转化率的影响。确定酰基化反应的优化条件为南极假丝酵母脂肪酶为酰基化催化酶、吡啶为催化反应溶剂、苯甲酸甲酯为酰基供体,酰基化效果最好,转化率最大为13.5%。采用傅里叶红外、高效液相色谱对产物进行分析,经鉴定,酰基化产物为单酰基或多酰基花青素。此外,研究了酰基化对花青素稳定性和抗氧化性的影响。酰基化可提高花青素的热稳定性、光稳定性和耐酸碱稳定性。相同温度下,酰基化花青素保留率提高约5.0%,光照6d后,酰基化花青素的保留率仍高达96.1%。酰基化可以显著增加花青素体外抗氧化性,增强DPPH自由基清除能力,总还原能力比非酰基化花青素提高30%,金属离子螯合能力高达90%。酰基化花青素肿瘤细胞活性抑制率可达81%,而非酰基化花青素仅为50%。该研究为花青素稳定性提高和性能改善提供参考的理论依据。     

氮肥减量配施有机肥对苹果产量品质及土壤生物学特性的影响

为改善当前苹果园不合理施肥现状,探究适合苹果园提质增效的施肥方案,以红富士苹果为试材,设置常规施肥、优化减氮、有机肥替代25%氮肥、有机肥替代50%氮肥4个处理,其中后3个处理的总施氮量一致,为常规施肥的一半,试验连续进行两年后测定果实产量、品质、土壤微生物量碳氮以及土壤酶活性。结果表明:优化减氮处理产量与常规施肥差异不显著,氮肥偏生产力是常规施肥的2倍以上;有机肥替代50%氮肥处理的产量最高,比常规施肥处理增加5.4%。优化减氮处理和有机肥替代氮肥处理的果实可溶性糖和糖酸比均显著高于常规施肥;施用有机肥的处理可滴定酸显著低于施化肥处理,糖酸比相反;有机肥替代50%氮肥处理的品质最佳,可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、糖酸比分别比常规施肥高1.8%、2.7%、16.9%。土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤酶活性与土层深度及有机肥的施用有关,特别是在20～40 cm土层深度,有机肥替代氮肥处理的土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶活性均显著高于常规施肥处理,且两两之间呈显著或极显著正相关关系。因此,在陕西省苹果园可以推荐常规施氮量减少一半的情况下用有机肥替代50%氮肥,以节省化肥、增加产量、改善品质、提升土壤质量,促进果园的可持续发展。     

耐镉阿氏芽孢杆菌缓解水稻受镉胁迫的研究

为了探究阿氏芽孢杆菌T61缓解水稻受镉胁迫的效应,运用96孔板法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、比色法测定菌株T61的镉耐受性、镉去除率和植物促生性;利用绿色荧光蛋白标记的T61,观察菌株在水稻上的定殖;利用蘸根法施加T61菌剂,观察其降低水稻籽粒镉积累的效应。结果表明：菌株T61对Cd²⁺的最大耐受浓度达到500 μmol·L^-1;在含镉液体培养基中培养24 h后,菌株T61对Cd²⁺的去除率超过50%。菌株T61可以合成植物促生性物质吲哚乙酸（6.2 μg·mL^-1）和铁载体（46.6 μmol·L^-1）,并具有溶磷能力（37.1 μg·mL^-1）。菌株T61可以在水稻根和茎上定殖。大田条件下,T61菌剂可以降低营养期水稻茎叶丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性,并使水稻728B和NX1B籽粒中的镉含量分别降低13.5%和11.2%。研究表明,阿氏芽孢杆菌T61是一株具有植物促生性的耐镉细菌,可以缓解某些水稻品种遭受的镉胁迫,在镉污染稻田的微生物修复方面具有一定的应用前景。