Ultrastructure of the sensilla on antennae and mouthparts of larval and adult Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae) is an important agricultural pest throughout the world. In this study, the morphology of antennal and mouthpart sensilla in the larvae and adults of P. xylostella (L.) was observed by using a scanning electron microscope. The larval antennae possess six sensilla basiconica, two sensilla chaetica and one sensillum styloconicum. Larval mouthparts possess six types of sensilla: sensilla chaetica, sensilla digitiformia, sensilla epipharyngeal, sensilla basiconica, sensilla styloconica and sensilla placodea. In the adult, seven types of sensilla are found on the antennae in males and six types of sensilla (sensilla basiconica absent) occur in females. Sexual dimorphism is also found in the number and size of these sensilla on the antennae of adults. We describe for the first time the five types of sensilla on the mouthparts of the adult of P. xylostella. This study provides useful information for further research into the function of these sensilla, and better understanding the behavioral mechanisms involved in pest control.     

云南木蠹象触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对云南木蠹象雌雄成虫触角上的感器进行观察和研究.结果表明:云南木蠹象成虫触角膝状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其中鞭节由7个亚节组成.在雌、雄成虫触角上均存在6种感器,即毛形感器、锥形感器、脚形感器、芽形感器、端指形感器和腔形感器,其中毛形感器和端指形感器的数量较多;此外,雌成虫触角还有双芽形感器,雄成虫触角上还有耳形感器.与端指形感器、脚形感器、双芽形感器结构相同的感器在鞘翅目已有的研究资料中还未见报道.是新发现的昆虫触角感器.对云南木蠹象触角不同种类感器的形态、分布以及雌雄间触角感器的分布和数量差异进行描述.     

A Hilbert fractal antenna and portable monitoring system for partial discharge detection in gas insulated substations

We design a third Hilbert fractal antenna for partial discharge (PD) monitoring in gas insulated substations (GIS) based on fractal principles, and analyze the Hilbert antenna impedance characteristics using an equivalent inductance method of parallel transmission lines. The PD experiment of metal protrusion defect is conducted employing fractal and microstrip antennae. The test results show that the characteristic of the Hilbert fractal antenna has good performance and can detect the PD signal for online monitoring in GIS. A portable online monitoring and locating system for GIS is established using the Hilbert fractal antenna and LabVIEW. The locating accuracy of the PD source in the laboratory meets the requirements of the PD site location.     

Impact of reader antenna polarisation, distance, inlay design, conveyor speed, tag location and orientation on the coupling of UHF RFID as applied to modified atmosphere packaged meat

Undetected RFID tags make the potential benefits of RFID unattainable. This study aimed to determine the most significant factors that affect RFID and particularly its application to the traceability of meat. Experimental parameters included five RFID tag inlays, two levels of conveyor speeds, five variations of beef sample and an empty container, 12 tags per test sample, three distances and two types of reader antenna polarisations. Tag detection rates were determined in three replicates per combination of test parameters. A GLM ANOVA was carried out on tag detection rate. In decreasing order of significance in terms of the effect on mean tag detection rate were distance, sample, inlay design, conveyor speed and reader antenna polarisation. Interaction of these factors also proved significant, in decreasing order of importance were reader antenna * inlay, sample type * distance, inlay * distance, sample type * inlay, sample type * reader antenna, distance * speed, sample type * speed and finally sample type * distance * speed. Linearly polarised antenna preformed better overall at detecting tags, with 63% mean detection rate compared with circularly polarised antenna with 57% mean detection rate. Varying the tag inlay resulted in mean detection rates of between 62% and 88%. Ideal transponder location on package was reader antenna polarisation dependent, but generally tags facing reader antennas exhibited better detection rate. Results revealed that the under side of the package was the most un-detectable transponder location, considering the placement of reader antennas on top, left and right sides of the sample. Conveyor speed also proved significant with a variation from 0.5 to 1.0 m/s resulting in an average detection rate ranging from 62% to 57%, respectively. Circularly polarised antennas are believed to perform better in cases of random tag orientation on products. It can be concluded that RFID systems implementation in the meat supply chain requires a holistic approach where distances, polarisations, inlay type, meat composition and conveyor speed need to be considered.     

强定向圆环背射天线的设计与实现

以圆环天线作为馈源,开口谐振腔作为反射体,设计了一款工作频段为2GHz的强定向圆环背射天线．对该款天线的输入阻抗进行了匹配,并进行了性能研究和实验测试,得到了具有增益高、前后比大、旁瓣电平较低、频带宽、馈电方便等优点的实用天线．     

云斑天牛头部附器感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观测云斑天牛成虫触角、下颚须和下唇须的感器类型、形态及分布特征,并分析比较雌雄之间存在的差异。结果表明:云斑天牛触角上共存在5类感器,即毛形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器、凹槽钉形感器、乳突形感器,其中锥形感器分5种亚型,刺形感器分2种亚型。云斑天牛雌、雄成虫触角存在性二型现象:1)虽然雄虫体型明显小于雌虫,但雄虫触角却显著长于雌虫触角;2)乳突形感器只在雌虫触角上发现,且雌虫触角上的粗长锥形感器(BⅠ)、粗短锥形感器(BⅡ)和长刺形感器(ChⅡ)在数量上多于雄虫,但发锥形感器(BⅢ)少于雄虫;3)雌虫触角上的刺形感器(包括ChⅠ和ChⅡ)的长度显著长于雄虫。其他感器的形态及数量在两性触角间均不存在显著差异。在下颚须和下唇须上都发现了毛形感器、长刺形感器、末梢锥形感器(包括TBⅠ和TBⅡ2个亚型)、钟形感器和隙缝感器5类。下颚须和下唇须的长度在两性之间无明显差异,但下颚须的末梢锥形感器数量多于下唇须,隙缝感器少于下唇须;雌虫的末梢锥形感器数量多于雄虫,钟形感器少于雄虫。     

番茄黄化曲叶病毒的鉴定与群体进化分析

番茄黄化曲叶病(tomato yellow leaf curl disease,TYLCD)是番茄上的重要病害,可由多种双生病毒引起。为了明确北京地区番茄黄化曲叶病的病毒种类和病毒基因组变异情况,本研究收集了51个采自北京不同区县的病毒疑似样品,进行了双生病毒的检测及分离物的基因组分析。经双生病毒简并引物检测25个样品呈阳性;扩增获得10个代表性分离物的全基因组,大小均为2 781bp,共含有6个开放阅读框;经比对,10个分离物与Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Israel(TYLCV-IL)同源率大于99%;基于我国TYLCV分离物全基因组序列的变异分析表明,TYLCV在进化上比较保守,整个基因组上的变异是不均匀的;系统发育树显示我国TYLCV分离物在进化树上可分为3个组群,分析了我国TYLCV群体进化情况。     

松果梢斑螟触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜对松果梢斑螟雌雄成虫触角外部形态结构观察结果表明,成虫触角存在着7种感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、腔锥感器、锥形感器、鳞形感器、耳形感器和钟形感器。毛形感器数量最多,分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型;腔锥形感器分为无缘毛腔锥感器和具缘毛腔锥感器。并对雌雄触角上感器种类和数量的差异进行了分析。     

竹山肚倍蚜虫触角超微结构的观察

应用扫描电镜观察了竹山青麸杨４种形状倍子中蚜虫之触角超微结构;结果表明：纺缍形与长枣形五倍子的蚜虫触角超微结构相同,均属肚倍蚜致瘿成倍;小枣形五倍子的蚜虫与红小铁枣蚜触角超微结构无明显差别,综合分析推断小枣形五倍子为红小铁枣蚜致瘿成倍;佛手形五倍子的蚜虫超微结构非常特殊,可能为一肚倍蚜虫新种。     

长角扁谷盗触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对长角扁谷盗雌、雄成虫触角形态及感器进行观察,分析了雌、雄成虫触角感器的类型、形态与分布。结果表明,长角扁谷盗成虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其中鞭节由9个亚节组成。成虫触角上共有3类感受器,可将其分为8种,分别是:刺形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)、毛形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)以及B9hm氏鬃毛。比较发现,雄虫触角每节的长度均显著长于雌虫,雌、雄虫触角感器的形态相似,类型基本相同。结合长角扁谷盗触角感器的形态、分布和已报道的锈赤扁谷盗的相关研究等,对长角扁谷盗成虫触角各类感器的功能进行了分析与推测。