Antagonism of local isolates of Trichoderma spp. on citrus root rot disease by Fusarium solani in the mekong delta of vietnam

The local isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium solani were colected from citrus orchards in the Mekong delta of Vietnam and isolated on PDA, PDB and TSM medium for antagonism and Koch‘s postulate testing. The results showed that the high chitinolytic enzymes content of Trichoderma     

Salt effects on growth and mineral contents of Diplachne fusca (Kallar grass)

Effects of NaCl, KC1, and CaCl₂ alone, and in combinations of NaCl/KCl and NaCl/CaCl₂ on growth and ion uptake by ‘Kallar'grass in soil and in solution cultures were studied. In soil up to 150 mM NaCl and KCl had little effect on growth but CaCl₂ depressed growth strongly. Dry weights in 150 mM NaCl/KCl decreased but remained little affected in NaCl/CaCl₂. Plant response to Na⁺ was little affected by Ca⁺⁺ or K⁺ and no interactions between Na⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ or Na⁺ and K⁺ were observed. Plant tissue exhibited a strong selectivity for K⁺ over Na⁺ Concentrations of Na and Cl in the tops exceeded those in the roots. Leaf transections are presented providing some information on the tissue anatomy.     

番茄灰霉病拮抗菌K-2的筛选及鉴定

从土壤中分离出一株对蕃茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)有较强拮抗能力的细菌K-2。通过平板对峙培养法对其抑菌效果进行测定,结果表明:1)培养5d后,K-2菌落周围产生明显的抑菌带,对Botrytis cinerea的抑菌率达66.19%,培养15d后仍保持稳定的抑菌效果;2)K-2的发酵原液对Botrytis cinerea孢子萌发具有显著的抑制作用,抑制率为100%;3)K-2对病菌的作用机制表现为使病菌菌丝畸形、菌丝扭曲、抑制病菌分生孢子的萌发;4)土壤定殖试验表明,拮抗菌K-2会受到土著微生物的影响降低存活率,但仍具有在土壤中存活并较长时间保持拮抗能力的潜力。     

The effect of crop rotation and granular nematicides on the incidence ofRhizoctonia solani in potato

Summary The incidence ofRhizoctonia solani in potato was studied in two crop rotation experiments from 1981 to 1985 inclusive. The greater the frequency of potato cropping, the more severe the attack on stems and stolons byR. solani. Severity of black scurf on progeny tubers and cropping frequency were also correlated, but less significantly. In fields with antagonists toR. solani, continuous potato cropping caused less black scurf on tubers than did 1∶2 rotations. Application of the nematicides oxamyl, ethoprofos and aldicarb resulted in a marked increase inR. solani infection of stems and stolons.

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Zusammenfassung In zwei Fruchtfolgeexperimenten wurde von 1979 bis 1985 das Vorkommen vonRhizoctonia solani an Kartoffeln untersucht. In Experiment 1 wurde auf sandigem Boden ein kontinuierlicher Kartoffelanbau (P) mit folgenden Fruchtfolgen verglichen: Mais-Kartoffeln (MP), Zuckerrübe-Kartoffeln (SP) und Mais-Zuckerrübe-Gerste-Gerste-Kartoffeln. (MSBBP). In Experiment 2 wurde auf Lehmboden ein kontinuierlicher Kartoffelanbau (P) mit den Fruchtfolgen Weizen-Kartoffeln (WP), Zuckerrübe-Kartoffeln (SP) und Weizen-Zuckerrübe-Hafer-Kartoffeln (WSOP) verglichen. In beiden Versuchen steigerte sich der Stengel- und Stolonenbefall mit zunehmender H?ufigkeit des Kartoffelanbaus (Tabellen 1 und 2). Es ergaben sich jedoch keine deutlichen Unterschiede imRhizoctonia-Befall der Tochterknollen bei einem Vergleich von kontinuierlichem Anbau und dem 1∶2 Fruchtfolgen mit Kartoffeln, w?hrendRhizoctonia weniger h?ufig in den Fruchtfolgen MSBBP und WSOP vorkam (Tabellen 3 und 4). Der HyperparasitVerticillium biguttatum kam im Experiment 1 (Abb. 1) besonders in den kurzen Fruchtfolgen P, MP und SP (Tabelle 5) vor, er konnte jedoch nicht den Stengel- und Stolonenbefall mitR. solani verhindern. Bodendesinfektion mit granulierten Nematiziden (Oxamyl, Ethoprofos und Aldicarb) erh?hte den Stengel- und Stolonenbefall mitR. solani betr?chtlich (Tabellen 1 und 2), diese Chemikalien hatten aber eine nur begrenzte Wirkung aufRhizoctonia an Tochterknollen (Tabellen 3 und 4). Der Mechanismus, der die positive Wirkung der Nematizide aufR. solani verursacht, ist nicht bekannt und erfordert eine detailiertere Untersuchung.

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Résumé La fréquence deRhizoctonia solani sur pomme de terre a été étudiée dans deux essais de rotations culturales de 1979 à 1985. Dans le premier essai, conduit en sol sableux, la culture continue de pomme de terre (P) a été comparée aux rotations suivantes: ma?s — pomme de terre (MP); betterave sucrière — pomme de terre (SP); et ma?s — betterave sucrière — orge — orge — pomme de terre (MSBBP). Dans le second essai implanté en sol argileux, la culture continue de pomme de terre (P) a été comparée aux rotations: blé — pomme de terre (WP); betterave sucrière — pomme de terre (SP); et blé — betterave sucrière — avoine — pomme de terre (WSOP). Dans les deux essais, le niveau des attaques sur tiges et sur stolons croit avec la fréquence de la culture de pomme de terre (tableaux 1 et 2). Toutefois, il n'y a pas de différence évidente sur l'état sanitaire de la descendance (sclérotes sur tubercules fils) entre la culture continue et la rotation alternée; cependant, il se forme moins de sclérotes sur les tubercules dans les rotations MSBBP et WSOP (tableaux 3 et 4). L'hyperparasite,Verticillium biguttatum, s'est manifesté dans l'essai 1 (fig. 1), principalement dans les rotations courtes P, MP et SP (tableau 5) mais pas de fa?on suffisante pour empêcher les attaques deR. solani sur tiges et stolons. Le traitement du sol à l'aide de nématicides granulés (oxamyl, ethoprofos et aldicarb), augmente fortement les attaques deR. solani sur tiges et stolons (tableaux 1 et 2), mais ces traitements chimiques n'ont qu'une influence minime sur l'état sanitaire de la descendance (tableaux 3 et 4). Le mécanisme qui conduit à la stimulation deR. solani par ces nématicides n'est pas clairement expliqué et nécessite des recherches détaillées supplémentaires.

     

橡胶树枝条内生真菌的分离及其拮抗性的测定

经过严格的表面消毒程序,从橡胶树枝条中分离到18株内生真菌,并对其进行初步鉴定.结果表明,这18株内生真菌分别归属于2个目,2个科,7个属,其优势菌群为无孢菌群(Mycelia Sterilia).通过温度测定,确定橡胶树内生真菌最适生长温度为25～28℃:采用平板对峙培养法,研究内生真菌对香蕉枯萎病菌(Fusarum pxysporum f.sp.cubense)和橡胶炭疽病菌(Colletorichum gloeosporioides Penz.Sace)的抑菌作用.结果表明,ITBB2-2对两种植物病原菌的拮抗作用最好.ITBBBB2-10和ITBB2-15次之,ITBB2-3对香蕉枯萎病菌拮抗作用明显而对橡胶炭疽病菌拮抗作用不明显,其它内生真菌对两种植物病原菌无拮抗作用或不明显.     

内生真菌紫杉木霉ZJUF0986菌株及其活性代谢产物防治水稻纹枯病的效果

从南方红豆杉分离到的一种新内生真菌紫杉木霉Trichoderma taxi菌株ZJUF0986,与水稻纹枯病菌对峙培养。结果发现,该内生真菌通过菌丝缠绕附着等重寄生方式,导致纹枯病菌菌丝断裂或其内含物降解直至死亡。其产生的活性代谢产物也能强烈抑制纹枯病菌菌丝的生长,显著降低病原菌的菌核萌发率;对病原菌菌丝生长和菌核萌发的有效中浓度EC50分别为1．08和3．59μg／ml。盆栽试验结果表明,菌株ZJUF0986浓度80μg／ml的活性代谢产物对水稻纹枯病的防效达63．82％,与50μg／ml井冈霉素A的防治效果相当。     

洋葱伯克氏菌群不同基因型菌株对几种重要植物病原真菌的抑制作用及其潜在致病性

从玉米和水稻根围分离到70株不同基因型的洋葱伯克氏菌,对这些菌株进行了拮抗植物病原菌的筛选,并对高拮抗菌株进行了潜在致病性和安全性分析。结果表明,有46株洋葱伯克氏菌对一种或多种病菌有较高的拮抗活性。在不同的洋葱伯克氏菌基因型内,以基因型Ⅴ内拮抗菌株占的比例最高,对所测5种病原真菌的平均拮抗菌株比率为80．0％,其中部分菌株表现出很强的拮抗活性。筛选出的4株高拮抗菌株对洋葱不具有致病性,同时也未检测到与人体致病相关的BCESM毒力基因。     

Efficacy of insecticide mixtures against pyrethroid‐ and organophosphate‐resistant populations of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura (F.) is an important pest worldwide, with over 112 host plants, and is exposed to insecticides throughout the year, resulting in the rapid development of resistance. Insecticide mixtures can delay the development of resistance more effectively than sequences or rotations. Cypermethrin, deltamethrin, profenofos, chlorpyrifos and fipronil were assessed separately and in mixtures against laboratory susceptible S. litura and two field‐collected populations. RESULTS: The field‐collected population from Khanewal (KWL) was significantly more resistant to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and profenofos than one collected from Muzaffar Garh (MGH). Mixtures of cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos or profenofos and of deltamethrin + chlorpyrifos or profenofos at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios significantly increased (P < 0.01) toxicity to cypermethrin and deltamethrin in field populations. The combination indices of cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos at 1:1 and 1:10 ratios and cypermethrin + fipronil at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios for the KWL strain and of cypermethrin + profenofos or fipronil at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios for MGH were significantly below 1, suggesting synergistic interactions. The inhibitors DEF and PBO largely overcame resistance to deltamethrin, cypermethrin and profenofos, suggesting that resistance to the insecticides was associated with esterase and monooxygenase detoxification respectively. CONCLUSION: Chlorpyrifos, profenofos and fipronil could be used in mixtures to restore cypermethrin and deltamethrin susceptibility. These findings may have considerable practical implications for S. litura resistance management. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Identification of genomic regions that exhibit sexual dimorphism for size and muscularity in cattle

Sexual dimorphism, the phenomenon whereby males and females of the same species are distinctive in some aspect of appearance or size, has previously been documented in cattle for traits such as growth rate and carcass merit using a quantitative genetics approach. No previous study in cattle has attempted to document sexual dimorphism at a genome level; therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine whether genomic regions associated with size and muscularity in cattle exhibited signs of sexual dimorphism. Analyses were undertaken on 10 linear-type traits that describe the muscular and skeletal characteristics of both males and females of five beef cattle breeds: 1,444 Angus (AA), 6,433 Charolais (CH), 1,129 Hereford, 8,745 Limousin (LM), and 1,698 Simmental. Genome-wide association analyses were undertaken using imputed whole-genome sequence data for each sex separately by breed. For each single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that was segregating in both sexes, the difference between the allele substitution effect sizes for each sex, in each breed separately, was calculated. Suggestively (P ≤ 1 × 10⁻⁵) sexually dimorphic SNPs that were segregating in both males and females were detected for all traits in all breeds, although the location of these SNPs differed by both trait and breed. Significantly (P ≤ 1 × 10⁻⁸) dimorphic SNPs were detected in just three traits in the AA, seven traits in the CH, and three traits in the LM. The vast majority of all segregating autosomal SNPs (86% in AA to 94% in LM) had the same minor allele in both males and females. Differences (P ≤ 0.05) in allele frequencies between the sexes were observed for between 36% (LM) and 66% (AA) of the total autosomal SNPs that were segregating in both sexes. Dimorphic SNPs were located within a number of genes related to muscularity and/or size including the NAB1, COL5A2, and IWS1 genes on BTA2 that are located close to, and thought to be co-inherited with, the MSTN gene. Overall, sexual dimorphism exists in cattle at the genome level, but it is not consistent by either trait or breed.     

紫外光诱导哈茨木霉产生对多菌灵抗药性的菌株

在含多菌灵药物培养基上,采用紫外光重复诱导处理的方法,对拮抗性哈茨木霉T24进行改良,选育出对多菌灵具有显著耐药性的菌株T24—4和T24—6。结果表明,多菌灵浓度为300mg·L^-1时,对突变菌株T24—4和T24—6的抑制率分别为9．4％和3．0％。同时两菌株对速克灵和甲基托布津也有交互抗性。经过菌和药协同作用研究发现：木霉菌T24—6菌剂与多菌灵重量配比为8：2时,协同抑菌率高达85．0％,明显高于分别单独使用T24—6和多菌灵的抑菌率（70．3％和69．6％）。分别用菌和药,药,菌1000倍稀释液进行草莓活体拮抗性测定,其对草莓灰霉病的防治效果分别为83．9％、67．9％和64．2％,进一步表明菌和药协同作用效果优势更明显。在使用木霉T24—6菌剂防治农作物病害时,添加少量的多菌灵,可降低植物病原菌的活性和侵染力,从而提高生防效果。