Effect of microbial inoculants on the fermentation characteristics,nutritive value,and in vitro digestibility of various forages

This study was aimed to examine the characteristics of three isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (HG24, M1, and TG1), and to evaluate their effects on fermentation characteristics, nutritive value, and in vitro digestibility in a variety of substrates. The experiments were conducted with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schred.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) in laboratory silo (1 L) for ensiling 30 days. All the treated silages had significantly (p < 0.05) higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and lower undesirable microorganism populations compared with controls. In Italian ryegrass and oat silages, all the inoculants improved the fermentation quality, evidenced by distinctly (p < 0.05) higher LA contents and ratios of LA to acetic acid, and lower pH, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents. Strains HG24 and commercial inoculant G (Lactobacillus plantarum MTD‐1) performed better than strains M1 and TG1, indicated by obviously (p < 0.05) higher LA contents, LAB numbers, and IVDMD. In tall fescue silage, all the isolated LAB strains (HG24, M1 and TG1) markedly (p < 0.05) increased IVDMD compared with strain G. Strain HG24 is recommended as a good LAB inoculant for ensiling in various forages.     

日粮中添加玉米油对肉牛瘤胃发酵的影响

3头装有瘤胃瘘管的成年杂种牛 ,按 3× 3拉丁方试验设计 ,饲以添加 0 %、4 %和 8%玉米油的稻草和精料混合料 ( 2 1 )日粮。在饲喂后 2、4、6、8h采集瘤胃液样品 ,分别测定瘤胃液pH值、NH3-N和VFA浓度。结果表明 ,添加 4 %和 8%玉米油对瘤胃液pH值、NH3-N浓度没有显著影响 (P >0 .0 5) ;添加玉米油 4 %对瘤胃总VFA浓度没有显著影响 (P >0 .0 5) ,但添加 8%玉米油使瘤胃总VFA和乙酸浓度显著下降 (P <0 .0 5)。添加 8%以下的玉米油对丙酸、丁酸浓度没有影响 (P >0 .0 5) ,结果使乙酸 /丙酸比值从 3.75分别下降到 3.2 6和 3.1 4 (P <0 .0 5)。     

抑制不同种类瘤胃微生物活性对水牛瘤胃发酵和脂肪酸代谢的影响

试验旨在采用体外产气法研究抑制瘤胃细菌、真菌、原虫对添加亚油酸和亚麻酸后水牛瘤胃体外发酵参数和脂肪酸代谢的影响。体外培养底物0.5 g,精粗比为3：7,分别添加底物干物质量3%的亚油酸和3%的亚麻酸,每组设置5个重复,同时再设立4个组：对照组及抑制原虫、细菌、真菌组。体外模拟瘤胃发酵培养24 h,测定24 h产气量和气体中的甲烷（CH₄）含量、瘤胃发酵液的pH、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、微生物蛋白（MCP）浓度以及长链脂肪酸（LFA）组成。结果表明：①在添加亚麻酸情况下,与对照组相比,抑制细菌和原虫生长后产气量显著降低,抑制细菌和真菌生长后CH₄产量显著升高,而抑制原虫生长后CH₄产量显著降低（P<0.05）;在添加亚油酸情况下,与对照组相比,抑制细菌、真菌或原虫生长后产气量均显著降低,且抑制原虫后CH₄产量显著低于其他组（P<0.05）。②抑制细菌、真菌或原虫生长后,添加亚油酸和亚麻酸显著影响了体外瘤胃发酵液pH和MCP浓度（P<0.05）,添加亚油酸对NH₃-N浓度影响不显著（P>0.05）。③与对照组相比,抑制细菌、真菌或原虫生长后显著降低了乙酸、丙酸含量（P<0.05）;在添加亚麻酸情况下,抑制细菌生长显著降低了丁酸含量（P<0.05）;在添加亚油酸情况下,抑制细菌、真菌或原虫生长后丁酸含量显著降低（P<0.05）。④与对照组相比,在添加亚麻酸情况下,抑制细菌生长显著降低了C11：0、C12：0、C13：0、C14：0、C14：1n5、C15：1n5、C16：1n7、C16：0、C18：3n3、C18：2n6c、C18：0、C20：2n6、C20：3n6、C20：1、C20：3n3、C20：0、C21：0、C22：6n3、C22：2n6、C22：0浓度（P<0.05）;在添加亚油酸情况下,抑制细菌生长显著降低了C12：0、C13：0、C14：0、C15：0、C16：1n7、C16：0、C17：0、C18：3n6、C18：3n3、C18：2n6c、C18：1n9t、C18：0、C18：2（cis-9,trans-11）、C18：2（trans-10,cis-12）、C20：2n6、C20：1、C20：0、C21：0、C22：6n3、C22：0、C23：0、C24：1n9、C24：0浓度（P<0.05）。由此可见,抑制细菌、真菌或原虫生长后,添加亚油酸和亚麻酸对体外瘤胃发酵参数、CH₄产量和脂肪酸组成均能产生影响,原虫对产气量和CH₄产量贡献最大,细菌对瘤胃液脂肪酸代谢影响最大。     

固态发酵复方中药防治奶牛乳房炎的效果及对生产性能的影响

本研究采用枯草芽胞杆菌和产朊假丝酵母按等比例制作固态发酵复方中药,并对复方中药发酵前后对奶牛乳房炎及生产性能的影响进行了对比分析.结果表明,与空白组相比,复方中药发酵前后均可显著降低奶牛乳房炎的发病率(P＜0.05),可提高牛奶的乳蛋白率(P＞0.05)和乳脂率(P＞0.05),可显著提高奶牛产奶量(P＜0.05),添加复方中药制剂组和发酵的复方中药制剂组的产奶量分别较空白组提高了0.72kg/d和2.64kg/d;经发酵后的复方中药制剂在降低奶牛乳房炎发病率、改善乳品质和增加产奶量等方面的效果均优于未发酵的复方中药制剂(即普通中药制剂);复方中药经发酵后,有利于提高中药的利用率及药理活性.     

不同植物油对奶牛瘤胃液、血浆中脂肪酸及乳脂中共轭亚油酸组成的影响

为改善牛奶脂肪酸构成,提高乳脂中CLA含量,研究瘤胃液、血浆和乳脂中脂肪酸的代谢规律,探寻提高乳品质的合适途径,本试验以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的经产荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究向日粮中添加不同植物油(即葵花油、亚麻油、菜籽油,3种日粮的粗脂肪含量基本相同)对奶牛瘤胃液、血浆中脂肪酸及乳脂中CLA的影响。结果表明:(1)日粮中添加3种不同植物油,葵花油组、亚麻油组乳脂中的CLA比例均显著高于菜籽油组(P<0.05),且以葵花油组最高;乳脂中PUFA的比例则是亚麻油组显著高于菜籽油组(P<0.05);(2)3组间血浆中C14∶0、C16∶0、C18∶0的比例差异不显著(P>0.05),菜籽油组C18∶1的比例显著高于亚麻油组和葵花油组(P<0.05),而后两组差异不显著(P>0.05),亚麻油组和葵花油组t11-C18∶1的比例与菜籽油组间差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05),亚麻油组和菜籽油组中C18∶2的比例差异显著(P<0.05);(3)采食添加不同植物油日粮后,瘤胃液中各种脂肪酸动态变化的平均值差异不显著(P>0.05)。总的趋势是随着时间的延长,饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐增加,而不饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐减少。瘤胃液中CLA的比例不同时间点均较低。由本研究可知,在优化奶牛乳脂肪酸构成提高CLA含量方面,以葵花油效果最好。     

An investigation of carbohydrate and protein degradation ratios,nitrogen to energy synchronization and hourly effective rumen digestion of barley: effect of variety and growth year

The objective of this study was to investigate rumen available soluble, insoluble and total protein (CP), estimated structural (SC) and non‐structural carbohydrate (starch: ST), degradation characteristic ratios and hourly effective degradation of six barley varieties during three consecutive growth years (2003, 2004, 2005). The magnitude of the differences was determined between the varieties and growth years. Measured degradation kinetics included soluble fraction (S), undegradable fraction (U), lag time (T₀) and rate of degradation (K_d) of the insoluble but degradable fraction (D). Rumen available soluble, insoluble, and total N, SC and ST and the rumen degradation characteristic ratios were determined using the Tamminga rumen degradation ratio system. Characteristics of the hourly effective degradation between N and carbohydrate (CHO) among the six barley varieties for 3 years were also studied. The degradation ratios included were total rumen available N and carbohydrate ratio (FN/FCHO), rumen available soluble N and carbohydrate ratio (SN/SCHO), and rumen available insoluble N and carbohydrate ratio (EN/ECHO). Results show that both the barley variety and growth year had a significant effect on degradation kinetics (S, D, U, T₀ and/or K_d). Differences in the ratio of FN/FCHO among varieties ranged from 16.6 to 19.0 g/kg (p < 0.01). There was no difference in SN/SCHO (p > 0.05) with an average of 4.9 g/kg. The difference in the EN/ECHO ratio tended to be significant among the varieties (p = 0.069) ranging from 18.4 to 21.3 g/kg. Differences in the hourly effective degradation between N and CHO were relatively small at shorter incubation times (2–4 h) However, as the length of rumen incubation increased (12–24 h), much larger differences in the rate of effective hourly degradation were observed. In conclusion, both barley variety and growth year had significant effects on rumen degradation kinetics. The mean FN/FCHO ratio of 17.2 (16.6–19.0) was observed for the six barley varieties in this experiment. All barley varieties exhibited a less optimal rumen fermentation ratio (17.2 < optimum: FN/FCHO = 25 to 33 g N per kg CHO). The large differences in the degradation kinetics, characteristics ratios and hourly effective degradation among barley varieties and growth years may help to explain some of the large variations that are seen in cattle performance.     

添加三聚氰胺对高粗料日粮短期人工瘤胃发酵理化指标的影响

为研究三聚氰胺对瘤胃微生物发酵的影响,试验采集西门塔尔×鲁西黄牛瘤胃液,以高比例粗饲料为底物,采用短期人工瘤胃发酵产气装置,分析评价了不同剂量三聚氰胺(0、6、18、54、162、486 mg/kg)对氨态氮、氨基酸态氮、干物质产气量、挥发性脂肪酸、气体组分的影响。结果表明:三聚氰胺可减少高粗料日粮瘤胃发酵总挥发性脂肪酸的产生,并且有提高乙酸与丙酸比值的趋势(P>0.05)。高浓度的三聚氰胺(486 mg/kg)能显著提高氨态氮的浓度(P<0.05)。三聚氰胺的添加对干物质产气量影响不大,但可使甲烷产量提高8.0%～41.7%。综上所述,以高粗饲料日粮为发酵底物时,三聚氰胺添加对瘤胃的发酵并没有产生显著不利影响,但可提高甲烷产生量,从而降低饲料能量的转化效率。     

豆粕固态限定发酵和强化发酵的研究

本文采用短乳杆菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和地表芽孢杆菌进行豆粕固态限定发酵和强化发酵的研究,对发酵过程中小分子蛋白含量、菌量、pH及胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性等进行了测定.结果表明:纯菌条件下,接种短乳杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌实验组限定发酵的小分子蛋白含量分别为31.0%和28.3%,高于接种酵母菌试验组的22.4%.且小分子蛋白积累高峰时间为48～72 h;接种地表芽孢杆菌实验组的胰蛋白酶抑制剂降解率高于接种短乳杆菌或酵母菌实验组.豆粕天然发酵试验组的小分子蛋白含量和胰蛋白酶抑制剂降解率分别为22.2%和44.1%.接种短乳杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌试验组的小分子蛋白含量和胰蛋白酶抑制剂降解率分别为32.4%、99.5%和29.3%、99.7%.表明接种强化发酵有助于小分子蛋白含量的提高和胰蛋白酶抑制剂的降解.     

不同处理牛羊粪便堆积发酵试验效果比较

利用发酵菌剂对不同处理的试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组、试验Ⅳ组、试验Ⅴ组和对照组进行堆积发酵试验,在发酵过程中比较了不同试验组的温度、水分、挥发性总固体、pH、细菌群落的变化,以及对牧草籽发芽率、虫卵杀除率和总养分的影响。     

高精料日粮条件下维生素B_1对山羊瘤胃体外发酵的影响

选择3只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的徐淮白山羊作为瘤胃液供体,以可溶性淀粉、小麦淀粉、粉碎的滤纸纤维、木聚糖和果胶作为底物,精粗比为70∶30,维生素B1在瘤胃培养液底物中的浓度设为0(mg/kg)、30(mg/kg)、60(mg/kg)、90(mg/kg)4个水平,利用人工瘤胃体外培养法,通过对瘤胃微生物体外发酵pH值、氨氮、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及TVFA、乳酸等指标的测定,探讨维生素B1对瘤胃发酵的影响。结果表明:高精料日粮条件下,随着维生素B1添加量的增加,培养液的pH平均值呈降低趋势,NH3-N的平均浓度呈下降趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05)。不影响瘤胃发酵类型,但有降低乙酸浓度平均值、提高丙酸浓度平均值和TVFA浓度平均值、降低乙酸/丙酸比值的趋势。培养液中添加维生素B1可以降低乳酸的浓度。