稻田除草剂对固氮蓝藻的毒性研究

通过4种稻田除草剂对固氮鱼腥藻(AnabaenaazoticaLey)、球胞鱼腥藻(AnabaenasphaericaBorn)、多变鱼腥藻(AnabaenavariabilioKutzing)的毒性进行了研究。结果表明,二甲四氯对3种藻的生长有促进作用,而丁草胺和乙草胺在低浓度(8mg·L-1以下)表现为促进,当浓度为16mg·L-1时,则显著抑制其生长,且高浓度时对3种藻产生较强毒性,处理96h时的EC50值分别为12.87、25.36、20.21mg·L-1及50.52、18.37、45.43mg·L-1。3种藻对扑草净极为敏感,在低浓度时其生长受到严重抑制,继而迅速死亡。因此选择对固氮蓝藻安全的稻田除草剂,对维护稻田生态、促进农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

高效液相色谱法同时检测稻田样品中5种除草剂的残留量

建立一种高效液相色谱法同时检测稻田土壤、稻田水和糙米中二甲四氯、2,4,5–T、高效氟吡甲禾灵、精吡氟禾草灵和精喹禾灵5种除草剂残留的方法。土壤样品用0.05%磷酸溶液和乙腈混合液(体积比为1∶2)提取,水样品用乙酸乙酯萃取,糙米样品用0.04 mol/L Na OH提取,用弗罗里硅土柱净化。采用带紫外检测器的高效液相色谱仪测定,以乙腈与水为流动相梯度洗脱,在紫外波长229 nm下检测,用外标法定量。结果表明,5种除草剂在质量浓度0.05~5.00 mg/L的线性关系良好,相关系数(R)达0.999 7~0.999 9;土壤和糙米中添加水平为0.05~1.00 mg/kg时,5种除草剂的平均回收率为78.8%~107.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD≤7.5,n=5)为1.1%~9.2%;当水中添加水平为0.01~0.50 mg/L时,平均回收率为86.2%~109.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD≤6.5,n=5)为1.2%~6.5%。5种除草剂的检出限为0.01~0.02 mg/kg。方法在土壤、糙米和水样中的定量限分别为0.05、0.05 mg/kg和0.01mg/L。该方法的前处理过程简单,且准确度、精密度和灵敏度均符合农药残留分析的技术要求。     

春谷除草剂筛选及防效研究

选用12种除草剂对春谷田间杂草防效进行了田间试验研究。结果表明,播后苗前进行土壤处理,12种除草剂中有4种致谷苗死亡;其余8种对谷子幼苗均有一定的抑制作用,但拔节前可恢复正常;施药后15,30,45 d调查,莠去津和2,4-D丁酯2种除草剂的防效较好,对双子叶杂草的株防效、鲜质量抑制率、综合株防效、综合鲜质量抑制率均超过80%,莠去津优于2,4-D丁酯。     

除草剂对广聚萤叶甲(Ophraella communa)存活的影响

为筛选出对豚草天敌广聚萤叶甲低毒的除草剂,达到化学防治与生物防治的协同关系,研究了草甘膦异丙胺盐、百草枯、氟磺胺草醚、乳氟禾草灵和氯氟吡氧乙酸5种除草剂对广聚萤叶甲卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫存活的影响。结果表明,在常用剂量下,百草枯处理的广聚萤叶甲成虫存活率在16.9%以下,蛹存活率低于70.6%,但其对卵和幼虫的影响较小。中等剂量下,草甘膦异丙胺盐、氟磺胺草醚、乳氟禾草灵和氯氟吡氧乙酸处理的成虫存活率均在70%以上,幼虫存活率均高于90%,且对卵和蛹几乎无致死作用。说明百草枯对广聚萤叶甲的毒害作用较强,建议在豚草综合治理中慎用百草枯。     

Herbicide options for weed control in papaya

This paper reviews the literature on weeds and weed control in papaya. There is limited research on this topic, and nearly all of the research focuses on herbicides. Effective use of paraquat and glyphosate in papaya is dependent on avoidance of spray contact to green bark and foliage. Pre-emergence herbicide tolerance is dependent on papaya age, size and maturity, and soil type. Only one herbicide, oryzalin is shown to be tolerated by papaya immediately after transplanting. Herbicides such as diuron and oxyfluorfen with a broader spectrum of weed control generally injure young papaya, however they can be effectively used if the initial application of these herbicides is delayed until papaya attains certain size or maturity indices. There is a need for further research on weeds and weed control to improve the efficiency of papaya production     

Recovery of non-target plants affected by airborne bromoxynil-octanoate and metribuzin

The present study was conducted to evaluate the recovery potential of non‐target plants affected by two airborne herbicides. Sunflower at the two‐leaf stage was used as a test plant and exposed for 24 h in a wind tunnel to a range of concentrations of airborne bromoxynil‐octanoate and metribuzin. Quantum yield (φ_PSII) of exposed leaves and of the second leaf pair developed after exposure was determined at a particular time up to 16 days following exposure. Maximum depression in quantum yield of exposed leaves from which a complete recovery occurred within 16 days was 63% for bromoxynil‐octanoate and 60% for metribuzin respectively. The corresponding maximum concentrations were 1.310 and 0.390 μg m^?3 respectively. The second leaf pair was also affected and showed a similar recovery potential. From the results it can be concluded that the significance of airborne bromoxynil‐octanoate and metribuzin must not be overestimated, as sunflower and non‐target plants with a similar sensitivity are likely to recover from air concentrations of both herbicides reported under field conditions.     

Weeding techniques in transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice in Pakistan

Field studies were undertaken to explore the weed management strategies for transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice in the Dera Ismail Khan district of North-west Frontier Province, Pakistan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split plot arrangement. The main plots consisted of two planting techniques (transplantation and direct seeding), while weed control practises assigned to the subplots included the use of the granular herbicide Sunstar 15WG (ethoxy sulfuron), Machete 60EC (butachlor), conventional hand weeding, and the weedy check (untreated control). Data were recorded on weed dynamics and the agronomic parameters of the rice crop. Economic analyses on the data were also run. The weed density and biomass were lower in the transplantation plots than the direct-seeding plots. The herbicides ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor reduced the density over the weedy check, with a density comparable to hand weeding in 2002, but slightly higher in 2003. As a result of weed management by hand weeding and herbicides, the paddy yield and its components were significantly higher for the transplanted method compared to the direct-seeded method. The comparable yield of herbicides with hand weeding offers an option for the use of herbicides as an alternative management tool. In light of our findings, it is concluded that for good economic returns, rice crops may be transplanted rather than direct-seeded. The herbicides ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor offer a weed control cover comparable with hand weeding under the transplantation method, while butachlor is good for controlling weeds even under the direct-seeded conditions in the agroclimatic conditions of the area.     

4％烟嘧磺隆悬浮剂不同施用量对玉米田杂草的药效药害试验

针对玉米常用的苗后除草剂4％烟嘧磺隆悬浮剂,以河北省衡水地区大田生产上常用的夏玉米品种郑单958为试材,在玉米5叶期（此时杂草基本出齐）采用不同施药量（1050、1500和1950 mL/hm2）进行喷施,分别以喷施清水和人工除草为对照,分析不同施药量对杂草防除效果以及玉米安全性和产量的影响,以确定最佳施药量。结果表明：在玉米5叶期用4％烟嘧磺隆悬浮剂进行除草,适宜用量为1500 mL/hm2,不仅对各种杂草防治效果好,而且对玉米不产生药害,玉米产量高。