农业上应用生物互作效应和物质循环理论

目前,现代化的农业生产系统建立在大量燃料的消耗上,虽然西方发达国家在近半个世纪的发展过程已经证明这是一种见效快、经济产值高的生产方式,但是随着在世界范围内可持续发展观念的日趋重视,这种生产方式的弊端也逐渐地受到人们的注意.1)原有农业生产方式需要消耗大量的燃料资源;2)虽然肥料、农药和大型机械的应用不断提高,但近几年农作物的生产和产量表现出停滞状态;3)燃料及其副产品的不断使用导致环境逐渐退化.因此,这种农业生产方式必然会被另一种投入少、更有利于可持续发展的生产方式所取代.笔者认为生物-环境互作理论和物质循环法则将会为新型农业的发展提供解决的方法.因此,作者提出的2项研究具有相当的重要性.1)阐明生物间综合作用的结构,以及生物体之间、生物与环境之间相互作用的关系;2)如何在农业生态系统上有效的应用物质循环法则.同时,将会大幅度的减少人类对燃料的依赖.     

Optimality Conditions for Vector Optimization of Set-valued Maps

Kuhn Tucker optimality conditions and Lagrange multipliers for vector optimization problems with subconvexlike set valued maps wereestablished by Li zemin. Firstly, the concept of generalized subconvexlikeness for set valued maps is introduced in this paper. Then, a theorem of the alternative for generalized subconvexlike set valued maps in real linear spaces is established. Finally, the optimality conditions for vector optimization problems with set valued maps with equality and inequality constraints are obtained with it.     

An appraisal of environmental conflict management provisions in New Zealand's Resource Management Act 1991

Abstract: Since the 1970s a body of literature has developed internationally which can be termed loosely as ‘environmental conflict management’ (ECM) theory and practice. When New Zealand's disparate environmental management framework was reformed during the 1980s a ‘superstatute’ known as the Resource Management Act (RMA), passed in 1991, was the major outcome. During the RMA policy formulation process in the late 1980s, known as Resource Management Law Reform (RMLR), calls were made for better integration of mediation and other alternative dispute resolution (ADR) approaches into the statutory framework. The final wording of the RMA includes specific clauses on mediation and the option of ‘pre‐hearing meetings’, suggesting that ECM and environmental dispute resolution (EDR) approaches have become part of the new decision‐making framework in New Zealand. Given such provisions, and the fact that it is now more than ten years since the RMA was passed, an appraisal of ECM/EDR progress to date within this statute seems justified. It is argued that to date very little emphasis has been placed upon early EDR intervention. This lack of emphasis, it is concluded, is due primarily to low levels of awareness and inadequate training and despite limitations on its usefulness in certain resource conflict settings we suggest that there is scope for greater promotion and implementation of EDR approaches in the local government context.     

中华蜜蜂细胞吞噬与包囊作用相关基因全长转录本鉴定及分析

【目的】系统鉴定和分析中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)吞噬与包囊作用相关基因和全长转录本,为深入开展相关基因和剪接体的功能研究奠定基础。【方法】基于前期已获得的高质量中华蜜蜂纳米孔长读段测序数据,通过Blast工具将全长转录本比对Nr数据库筛选出吞噬与包囊作用相关基因和全长转录本。利用gffcompare软件将全长转录本与东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)参考基因组上注释的转录本进行比较,鉴定未注释的新基因和新转录本。利用TAPIS pipeline预测和分析吞噬与包囊作用相关基因的可变多聚腺苷酸化(alternative polyadenylation,APA)位点,并通过TBtools软件鉴定APA位点上游的基序(motif)。使用Astalavista软件鉴定可变剪接(alternative splicing,AS)事件,并通过IGV浏览器进行结构可视化。通过RT-PCR验证AS事件的真实性。【结果】共鉴定到中华蜜蜂吞噬与包囊作用相关的基因66个和全长转录本395条,发掘出东方蜜蜂参考基因组未注释的2个新基因和303条新转录本。对参考基因组已注释的34个基因进行了结构优化,分别延伸了18个基因的5′端和12个基因的3′端,同时延长了4个基因的5′端和3′端。共鉴定到含有1个及以上APA位点的吞噬与包囊作用相关基因47个,其中多于5个APA位点的基因最多,为32个。在APA位点上游鉴定到多个基序,一致性序列为：GRBGCNKSDAACAAYTRBGCBMRNGGBYAYTAYWCNVWNGG。共鉴定到吞噬与包囊作用相关基因的AS事件296次,其中包括131次可变3′端剪接(alternative 3′splice site,A3SS)、85次内含子保留(intron retention,IR)、70次可变5′端剪接(alternative 5′splice site,A5SS)和10次外显子跳跃(exon skipping, ES)。RT-PCR结果显示,扩增的目的片段大小符合预期,证实了随机选择的2次AS事件的真实性。【结论】系统鉴定了中华蜜蜂吞噬与包囊作用相关基因和全长转录本以及AS事件和APA位点,优化了东方蜜蜂参考基因组注释的吞噬与包囊作用相关基因的结构。     

Effects of isothiocyanates on purple (Cyperus rotundus L.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.)

Purple and yellow nutsedge are two of the most troublesome weeds in the world. In the south-eastern USA, both weeds are common in vegetable crops and are the most difficult weeds to control in this region. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the herbicidal activity of five liquid isothiocyanates (ITCs) (benzoyl, o -tolyl, m -tolyl, tert -octyl, and 3-fluorophenyl) on purple and yellow nutsedge. All ITCs were applied to soil in jars at 0, 100, 1000, 5000, and 10 000 nmol g⁻¹ of soil and sealed for 72 h to prevent gaseous losses, followed by nutsedge growth evaluations after an additional 18 days. All ITCs reduced purple and yellow nutsedge shoot density and shoot biomass over the concentrations evaluated, with differences in the effectiveness on each species apparent among the compounds. Based on the lethal concentration values for shoot density, all ITCs were more effective in suppressing purple nutsedge than yellow nutsedge. Benzoyl and 3-fluorophenyl were generally the most effective of the five ITCs evaluated.     

碳中和战略下林业碳汇引入生态修复司法之效能探究

2022年以来,部分法院接力推动林业碳汇引入生态修复司法的进程,并最终得到司法解释的认可,形成了林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案。林业碳汇交易系实现碳达峰、碳中和的重要路径,生态环境司法也提出要服务碳达峰、碳中和的实现。在此背景下,分析该方案的实践样态,探查林业碳汇引入生态修复司法的现实需求、原有制度的缺陷以及引入基础,揭示林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案的潜在效能,特别是其对碳达峰、碳中和战略的重要意义,从而尝试给出加速林业碳汇法律化进程,明确林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案的属性及实用领域等针对性优化建议。     

太行山山前平原节水替代模式耗水特征分析

针对华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米模式的高耗水特征,结合当地作物生态适应性、粮棉安全及经济效益要求,从2003-2010年筛选确定了麦玉-春甘薯-春棉-春甘薯模式（粮棉薯）、黑麦草/春棉-花生-麦玉模式（粮棉油）、麦玉-花生模式（粮油）进行定位试验研究,分析3种模式替代麦玉模式的可行性。笔者重点研究了各模式的水分消耗特征,分析了一个轮作周期内（2006-2009）各模式土壤贮水量、耗水量、各层次体积含水量变化和水分平衡。研究结果表明：与麦玉对照相比3种替代型模式土壤贮水量和不同层次水分利用表现出显著茬口效应,可更好的实现年际间水分互补利用;粮棉薯和粮油模式比麦玉模式生育期节水18%以上,两种模式下土壤贮水量平均每年增加20 mm以上且与对照无显著差异,但这两种模式4年间土壤水分无效蒸发量显著高于对照。粮棉油模式与麦玉模式相比生育期节水5.4%,平均每年土壤贮水量增加13.8 mm,显著低于麦玉模式（21.9 mm）,水分无效蒸发与对照无显著差异。替代型模式土壤贮水量整体水平较高,土壤水分变化率相对较小。因此,粮棉薯模式和粮油模式节水效果较好,粮棉油模式无明显节水效果,但综合粮食安全,粮油模式为最优替代模式。     

Theorems of The Alternative for Nearly Convexlike Set-Valued Maps

In this paper, we obtain some theorems of the alternative for nearly convexlike and nearly subconvexlike set-valued maps in linear topological spaces were obtained by the authors.