河套灌区沈乌灌域GF-1/WFV遥感耕地提取

为提高基于遥感影像的灌区耕地自动快速提取,该文针对河套灌区沈乌灌域种植结构特点,利用实地调查结果、Google earth和GF1-WFV遥感影像构建了研究区主要作物及土地利用类型的NDVI时间序列,并利用HANTS滤波法对NDVI时间序列进行了平滑处理。分别采用基于遥感与Google earth的目视解译、监督分类(支持向量机)、基于NDVI时间序列的决策树分类与监督分类相结合的方法、基于HANTS滤波法平滑处理后的NDVI时间序列决策树分类与监督分类相结合的方法对灌区耕地进行提取。利用基于Google earth与目视解译的10 000个随机验证点以及正确率(用户精度)、完整率(生产者精度)和整体精度(提取耕地面积与实际面积的比值)3个指标对提取结果进行了评价。验证结果表明:监督分类(支持向量机)提取结果的正确率、完整率和总体精度仅为84.82%、64.4%和75.68%;基于NDVI时间序列的决策树分类与监督分类相结合的方法提取精度分别为94.28%、84.21%和89.1%;基于HANTS滤波法平滑处理后的NDVI时间序列决策树分类与监督分类相结合的方法提取精度进一步提高,3个指标分别达到94.47%、87.32%和92.24%。在作物种类繁多的大型灌区,时空分辨率优异的GF1-WFV数据在耕地面积提取上具有很强的实用性;结合作物生长规律与遥感信息的联合方法能够有效提高耕地面积的提取精度。     

氮素形态、用量及施用时期对小青菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

采用田间试验研究了氮素形态、用量及施用时期对小青菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明,等氮量施肥下,产量最高的是硝酸钙,尿素+微量元素处理;尿素,有机无机复混肥和碳酸氢铵处理间无显著差异,DMPP处理产量最低;追施微量元素能提高小青菜的产量。硝酸盐含量随着收获时期的延后而降低,有机无机复混肥处理则略有升高,但未达到显著水平;收获期取样时,不同氮肥对硝酸盐的积累是:硝酸钙＞DMPP＞尿素＞有机无机复混肥＞尿素+微量元素＞碳酸氢铵。配施微量元素及氮磷钾的协同吸收均能降低硝酸盐含量。综合考虑产量和品质指标,以有机无机复混肥处理效果较好。小青菜产量和Vc含量随着施氮量的提高而提高,但硝酸盐含量也随之提高;小青菜产量和Vc含量随着施氮时期的延后而降低,硝酸盐含量高峰出现在追肥后20d左右。     

野生高乌头开花习性及种子灌浆特性研究

利用甘肃永登县野生高乌头植株为研究材料,标记初花期一致的植株,每天测定单株开花数和蓇葖果数,并每隔3 d测定蓇葖果种子数、粒重和体积,对其开花结果动态和种子灌浆特性系统研究,旨在揭示其开花结果习性及其种子灌浆规律,为探寻高乌头种子发育规律及适宜采收期提供科学依据。结果表明,野生高乌头植株主花序花蕾自下而上依次开放。单花开放后第3天形成蓇葖果,第15天种子成形,并开始脱水形成干物质积累。单株开花数等于蓇葖果数,基本不落花,但仅主花序中部及以下部位蓇葖果具成熟种子。在种子整个灌浆过程中,百粒鲜重和干重的变化动态均呈“S”型曲线,符合Logistic方程。籽粒鲜重快增期在花后7～21 d,最大增长速率出现在花后14 d,在花后27 d达到最大,而干物质积累快增期在花后16～30 d,最大积累速率出现在花后23 d。开花36 d后蓇葖果脱落,种子灌浆和株上脱水中断,导致种子含水量达50%以上,采收后种子在快速脱水过程中可能形成深休眠特性,说明高乌头种子适宜采收期为开花后第36天左右(8月中下旬),蓇葖果尚未开裂时及时分批采收为宜。     

气候变化对临沂冬小麦主要生育期的影响及适播期研究

为了研究气候变化对临沂市冬小麦生产的影响,确定合理播期和适宜的田间管理措施。利用2001—2021年临沂市气象资料和农业农村部门苗情调查数据,同时参考1962—2000年临沂市历史天气数据,采用线性趋势性预测对小麦生育期温度、积温以及主要生育期日期和持续时间进行变化规律分析。结果表明:临沂市冬小麦适播期和各生育期均对气候变化发生了不同的响应,适播期为10月8—19日,最佳播期为10月11—14日;分蘖期出现反复降温频率变高,促进了小麦冬前抗寒锻炼,利于形成壮苗;冬前积温增多和越冬期延迟,间接推迟了适播期,为上一季玉米晚收创造了条件;返青大幅提前和返青后积温显著增加,大幅缩短了小麦停止生长和越冬时间,增加了冬小麦实际生长时间,有利于冬小麦苗情转化;拔节期大幅提前,使小麦更容易遭受晚霜冻(冷)害和倒春寒;4月和5月温度下降为小麦抽穗、扬花、灌浆提供了更好的气候条件,特别是5月温度下降既减少了干热风的发生机率又利于小麦后期灌浆。确定了临沂市冬小麦适播期,为小麦全生育期田间管理和高产栽培提供了依据。     

冬小麦精准追肥机专家决策系统

为了实现小麦生长过程中的实时变量追肥,研究了光谱数据处理策略及目标追肥量的计算模型,开发了基于近地光谱探测技术的实时变量追肥专家决策系统,结合小麦冠层归一化植被指数(NDVI)、追肥机实际行进速度和肥料反馈量,双通道独立控制施肥机构的转速和开度,从而实时调整追肥量,实现精准变量追肥。试验结果表明,专家决策系统的控制精度达到90%以上,可以满足精准追肥的要求;拔节期,变量追肥比定量均匀施肥增施氮肥28 kg/hm2左右;变量施肥有利于改善小麦群体结构,降低产量差异性。     

Effect of ruminal dosing of mechanical stimulating brush on rumination time, ruminal passage rate and rumen fermentation status in Holstein steers fed a concentrate diet

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ruminal dosing of a mechanical stimulating brush on rumination time, ruminal passage rate and rumen fermentation status in steers fed a concentrate diet at maintenance level. Animals were dosed three Rumen Faibu (RF) per head through the rumen fistulae (RF treatment) and not dosed (control) in a change‐over design. The organic cell wall content of the concentrate diet was 12.7% of dry matter. Daily time spent on rumination was very short in both treatments with 24 min in RF treatment and 15 min in control. The turnover rate of ruminal fluid in RF treatment was higher than that in control. There were no differences in ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentration between RF treatment and control. Acetic and butyric acid concentrations were not different between the treatments. Propionic acid concentration tended to be higher in the animals on RF treatment than in control animals. The RF dosing in Holstein steers fed a low fiber diet did not affect the rumination time, but increased rumen digesta passage rate and ruminal propionic acid production.     

藏北黑颈鹤繁殖前期的昼间活动时间分配

2006年4～6月，采用焦点动物取样法和所有事件记录法，对藏北黑颈鹤Gins nigicollis繁殖前期的昼间行为进行了详细观测。结果表明：①黑颈鹤昼间行为活动时间分配具有一定的节律性。各种行为所占时间百分比大小依次为：取食43．69％，警戒21．78％，保养21．69％，运动7．57％，杂项3．18％，繁殖2．09％。②各种行为活动的时间分配在雌雄个体间具有一定的差异。雄鹤的警戒和运动行为比雌鹤高，且警戒行为具有极显著差异（P〈0．01），其他4种行为雌性较高。③黑颈鹤的各种行为表现出一定的节律性。11：00以前，各种行为活动相对稳定，11：00之后依次出现了3个取食高峰和1个保养高峰，且呈上升趋势；其他4种行为无明显峰值，并呈下降趋势。④雌雄鹤的取食、警戒和保养行为在不同时段上表现出同步性和异步性。雄鹤取食高峰集中在中午（12：00～14：00），雌鹤的取食高峰分散在一天中的早（8：00），中（12：00，14：00）和晚（17：00）3个时期。讨论了繁殖前期黑颈鹤性别间的行为差异，并与黑颈鹤东部种群以及其他鹤类的行为进行了对比。图2表1参35     

箭筈豌豆种子人工加速老化条件筛选的研究

人工加速老化法是种子活力测定的常用方法之一,但不同物种适宜的老化条件往往不同。以9个箭筈豌豆种批为材料,在100%相对湿度,41、43及45 ℃条件分别老化处理12、24、36、48、60及72 h,通过测定发芽率及发芽速率,筛选出箭筈豌豆适宜的人工加速老化条件。结果表明,老化温度、时间以及两者的交互作用对发芽率及发芽速率均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。随着老化温度及时间的增加,发芽率逐渐下降,老化处理48 h后发芽率均显著降低(P<0.05)(除种批6);发芽速率先增加后降低,24 h后呈现下降趋势。相关分析结果表明老化时间对箭筈豌豆发芽率和发芽速率的影响大于温度。在41 ℃-60 h老化条件下,发芽率和发芽速率分别将9个种批分为8和6个质量等级,比其他老化处理条件划分更多的质量等级,且各质量等级之间差异显著(P<0.05)。因此,41 ℃-60 h是箭筈豌豆适宜的人工加速老化条件。     

Qualitative tear film and conjunctival goblet cell assessment of cats with corneal sequestra

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the tear film qualitatively and conjunctival goblet cell numbers in cats with and without corneal sequestra. ANIMALS STUDIED AND PROCEDURES: This was a prospective evaluation of 11 cats with corneal sequestra and 14 control eyes that were either the contralateral normal eye when the sequestrum was unilateral or from control cats of similar age with no ocular disease. All cats in this study were examined by a veterinary ophthalmologist. The ophthalmic examinations included a neuro-ophthalmic evaluation, Schirmer tear tests, fluorescein staining, tear film break-up times, applanation tonometry, biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. The palpebral conjunctiva at the dorsal nasal, ventral nasal, dorsal temporal and ventral temporal fornices were biopsied after topical anesthetic was applied to the cornea and conjunctiva. The conjunctival biopsies were fixed in formalin and sectioned routinely and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and periodic acid-Schiff. These slides were examined by light microscopy by a blinded examiner. Goblet cell numbers were compared to conjunctival basal epithelial cell numbers by region. The goblet cell numbers by region from the eyes with sequestra was statistically compared to those from eyes without sequestra, with a student's paired t-test. Conjunctival swabs were collected from the cats with corneal sequestra and submitted for polymerase chain reaction for Herpes felis, Chlamydia psiitticia, and Mycoplasma felis. The corneal sequestra were removed by surgical keratectomy and fixed and stained routinely, and examined by light microscopy. RESULTS: No neurologic abnormalities were detected in any of the cats. The Schirmer tear tests (eyes with sequestra 14+/-5.1 mm/min; normal eyes 15+/-6.8 mm/min) and intraocular pressures (eyes with sequestra 21+/-6.6; normal eyes 22+/-5.8) were within normal reference ranges for cats. Biomicroscopic examinations revealed varied sizes and depths of brown- and amber-colored corneal sequestra. No abnormalities were noted on indirect ophthalmoscopic examinations. The tear film break-up time was 21 s (+/-12) for the normal eyes (n=14) and 14 s (+/-13) in eyes with corneal sequestra (n=11). The average goblet/epithelial cell ratios by region for the normal eyes and the eyes with sequestra respectively were 0.66, 0.56 for the dorsal nasal fornix, 0.68, 0.57 for the ventral nasal fornix, 0.63, 0.48 for the temporal dorsal fornix, and 0.55, 0.49 for the temporal ventral fornix. There were no significant differences in tear film break-up times and goblet cell numbers in eyes with corneal sequestra and those without sequestra. Three conjunctival swabs from two of 11 cats with sequestra were positive with PCR for Herpes felis virus. These included one cat with bilateral sequestra and one cat with unilateral corneal sequestrum. CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenesis of feline corneal sequestra does not appear to be linked primarily to abnormal goblet cell numbers, qualitative tear film abnormalities, and accelerated tear film break-up time.     

甲基茉莉酸和草酸诱导油菜BN10基因的表达

利用实时荧光定量PCR方法,观察油菜BN10基因在根、茎、叶中的表达差异,并分析甲基茉莉酸(MeJA)和草酸(OA)对该基因的诱导表达的动态变化。结果表明:BN10基因在油菜根、茎、叶中均能表达,其中在根中的表达量最高,茎中的表达量次之,在叶中的表达量最低,且在抗病毒品种苏油1号中的表达量高于感病品种中双9号;BN10的表达受MeJA和OA的诱导影响。MeJA诱导处理感病品种中双9号叶片后,BN10基因表达先升后降,在24h时表达量最高,为诱导前的2.58倍,之后有所下降,但诱导后的表达量始终高于诱导前,72h时的表达量仍为诱导前的1.13倍;OA诱导处理中双9号后,BN10表达量也是先增加后降低,在12h时达到最大值,为诱导前的2.5倍,72h时下降至最低,仅为诱导前的25%。MeJA诱导处理抗病品种苏油1号后,BN10的表达趋势与中双9号相似,但各时间点的表达量均高于中双9号;OA诱导处理苏油1号后,对BN10的诱导更强烈,表达量在6h时即达到峰值,为诱导处理前的3.05倍,之后逐渐下降。