A Dominant Inhibitor Gene Inhibits the Expression of Ht2 against Exserohilum turcicum Race 2 in Corn Inbred Lines Related to B14

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the genetic cause for the lack of express ion of the gene Ht2 against Exserohilum turcicum race 2 on certain genetic backgrounds related to the inbred line B14. Two such inbreds (A635Rp and B59), susceptible to this pathogen were crossed onto the inbred Oh43—-Ht2Ht2. The following generations: F₁, F₂, F₃, F₄, backcrosses to both parents, selfings of the backcrosses, in addition to the parent lines, were evaluated for Ht2 expression in this study. Plants of each generation were inoculated with E. turcicum race 2 and evaluated for the expression of the chlorotic-lesion resistance determined by the gene Ht2. In spite of the reported dominance of Ht2 on some genetic backgrounds, the F₁ generations studied here did not show Ht2 resistant lesions. The data presented herein suggest that B₁₄ and related inbred lines carry a dominant gene(I) that inhibits the expression of the Ht2 gene. Chi-square analyses of the reactions of 108 progeny families studied supported this hypothesis.     

Effects of decreasing soil water content on seminal lateral roots of young maize plants

Soil micropores that contain water at or below field capacity cannot be invaded by seminal or first‐order lateral roots of maize plants because their root diameters are larger than 10 μm. Hence, at soil‐water levels below field capacity plant roots must establish a new pore system by displacement of soil particles in order to access soil water. We investigated how decreasing soil water content (SWC) influences growth and morphology of the root system of young maize plants. Plants were grown in rhizotrons 40 cm wide, 50 cm high, and approximately 0.7 cm thick. Five SWC treatments were established by addition of increasing amounts of water to soil and thorough mixing before filling the rhizotrons. No water was added to treatments 1–4 throughout the experiment. Treatment 5 was watered frequently throughout the experiment to serve as a control. Seminal‐root length and SWC in soil layers 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm were measured at intervals of 2–3 d on scanner images by image analysis. At 15 d after planting, for treatments 1–4 shoot dry weight and total root length were directly related to the amount of water added to the soil, and for treatments 4 and 5, total root length and shoot dry weights were similar. Length of seminal roots visible at the transparent surface of the rhizotron for all treatments was highest in the uppermost soil layer and decreased with distance from the soil surface. For all layers, seminal‐root elongation rate was at maximum above a SWC of 0.17 cm³ cm^–3, corresponding to a matric potential of –30 kPa. With decreasing SWC, elongation rate decreased, and 20% of maximum seminal root elongation rate was observed below SWC of 0.05 cm³ cm^–3. After destructive harvest for treatment 1–4, number of (root‐) tips per unit length of seminal root was found uninfluenced over the range of initial SWC from 0.10 to 0.26 cm³ cm^–3. However, initial SWC close to the permanent wilting point strongly increased number of tips. Average root length of first‐order lateral (FOL) roots increased as initial SWC increased, and the highest length was found for the frequently watered treatment 5. The results of the study suggest that the ability to produce new FOL roots across a wide range of SWC may give maize an adaptive advantage, because FOL root growth can rapidly adapt to changing soil moisture conditions.     

运用光谱技术改进Beer-Lambert定律的定量化及其应用研究

 运用简便、快捷的无损测试提供的归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI）方法，对Beer-Lambert定律进行定量化改进，构建了以NDVI为自变量的LAI预测模型，并采用不同年份、不同株型的玉米数据对其改进结果进行检验。结果表明，当生长55 d时，叶向值（LOV）显著不同的3种株型的NDVI、LAI和消光系数K的差异均最大；披散型（LOV≤30°）NDVI饱和点的出现较中间型和紧凑型为早；利用NDVI改进Beer-Lambert定律的定量预测模型能够敏感反映植株冠层结构参数的动态变化，且最适用于紧凑型品种。随着玉米育种目标更偏向培育偏紧凑型品种，其改进结果在育种栽培实际中更有利用价值。     

不同核背景的玉米CMS系内源激素关系研究

采用两套同核异质系 ,研究了不同核背景和不同孢质内源激素含量与玉米CMS的关系。结果表明 ,不同核背景以及不同孢质的CMS之间内源激素含量有差异 ;较高的ABA和较低GA、IAA含量、特别是较低的GA3 /ABA、IAA/ABA浓度可能是花粉发生败育的一个重要原因 ;不育系中较高的GA3 和IAA含量可能导致育性不稳定     

利用三倍体胚乳遗传模型定位爆裂玉米膨爆特性QTL

 【目的】探讨爆裂玉米膨爆特性的分子遗传基础，为遗传改良和分子标记辅助选择提供有益信息。【方法】以普通玉米自交系丹232和爆裂玉米自交系N04为亲本构建259个F2﹕3家系群体，利用SSR标记构建分子标记遗传图谱，利用三倍体胚乳遗传模型和区间作图法对F2﹕3群体在两种环境条件下的膨爆特性进行了QTL定位和效应分析。【结果】构建的爆裂玉米SSR遗传连锁图谱包含183个标记，覆盖玉米基因组1762.2 cM，标记间平均距离为9.63 cM。爆裂玉米的膨爆特性是由效应不等的多基因控制的数量性状，同时受环境条件的影响。两种环境条件下共检测到18个爆花率QTL，17个膨化体积QTL和21个膨化倍数QTL。单个QTL可解释的表型变异介于4.4%～28.0%，可解释的表型总变异为65.8%～96.6%，基因的作用方式为加性、部分显性、显性和超显性的QTL数目分别为2、1、4、20和1、5、1、22，超显性在膨爆特性的遗传中起着最重要的作用。【结论】与以往膨爆特性以加性效应遗传为主的研究结果不一致的主要原因在于三倍体胚乳模型对显性效应的细分和对显性效应较小QTL的显性效应的高估。     

玉米新不育胞质WBMs小孢子败育的细胞学观察

 利用普通光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究了新发现的玉米细胞质雄性不育材料WBMs的小孢子败育过程。观察到Mo17cms-WBMs的小孢子在单核花粉中期以前发育正常，部分小孢子从单核花粉晚期质核出现异常，多数小孢子可正常发育到二核花粉期，随后开始崩溃，形成空瘪皱缩的花粉粒。雄性不育材料WBMs胞质的小孢子败育过程与S组唐徐胞质不育材料类似，败育发生晚，绒毡层等体细胞活动正常，属典型的配子体不育类型。     

玉米花粉诱导小麦单倍体的研究

利用玉米花粉诱导小麦单倍体研究表明,此方法可以得到13 1%～14 8%单倍体幼胚,在改良的B5培养基上进行胚抢救,单倍体幼胚成苗率达到96%以上。通过染色体加倍得到双倍体植株。     

三种黑色粮油作物种皮花色苷提取物抗氧化能力的稳定性比较

 【目的】比较外界因素及杀菌工艺对黑米、黑大豆、黑玉米3种黑色粮油作物种皮花色苷提取物总抗氧化能力的影响。【方法】选用不同光照、温度、食品原料、防腐剂、金属离子和5种杀菌工艺（巴氏灭菌、煮沸灭菌、高温短时灭菌、高压蒸汽灭菌、微波灭菌、）处理3种花色苷提取物，采用铁离子还原法评价其处理前后的总抗氧化能力变化。【结果】黑米、黑大豆、黑玉米种皮花色苷提取物的总抗氧化能力随光照和加热时间延长而下降，温度越高下降越快，在避光、自然光和日光灯照射3种光照条件下黑米花色苷提取物的稳定性最好，其次为黑大豆花色苷提取物的，黑玉米花色苷提取物的最差；在相同温度下黑大豆花色苷提取物的稳定性最好，黑米和黑玉米花色苷提取物的较差；NaCl、蔗糖、葡萄糖等食品原料和防腐剂苯甲酸钠对3种花色苷提取物总抗氧化能力的影响不明显，5种金属离子（K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Cu2+）和5种不同杀菌工艺（巴氏灭菌、煮沸灭菌、高温短时灭菌、高压蒸汽灭菌、微波灭菌）对其总抗氧化能力均有不同程度的影响，其中高温短时灭菌的影响较小，高压蒸汽灭菌的影响最大。【结论】黑米、黑大豆、黑玉米3种花色苷提取物抗氧化稳定性受光照、温度、食品原料、金属离子和杀菌工艺等多种因素影响。     

干旱条件下玉米叶面积变化及地上干物质积累与分配的研究

在干旱地区自然降水条件下,对4个大面积推广的玉米杂交种进行不同干旱处理,测定其叶面积及干物质积累与分配的变化。结果表明,拔节到灌浆初期是干旱影响玉米叶片生长及叶片功能发挥的重要时期;干旱影响玉米大喇叭口期至乳熟期的干物质积累,使玉米最大干物质积累时期推迟到开花期至乳熟期;苞叶和茎鞘中的干物质向籽粒的转运率较高,茎鞘中积累的干物质对玉米籽粒的贡献率最高。干旱条件下,玉米在大喇叭口期至乳熟期具有较大的叶面积、较强的光合能力和较长的光合功能期,对乳熟期获取较大的生物产量和提高籽粒产量都有很大的作用,玉米的耐旱性相应增强。     

论玉米高产育种中几个问题的辩证关系

本文在实验研究和调查分析的基础上,从总结目前玉米高产育种和栽培技术的成功经验出发,论证了玉米高产育种中几个问题的辩证关系。结合株型育种提出了群体的“库”“源”概念及作用类型,以区别于单株的“库”源”分析法;探讨了今后应加强的工作和不同育种方案中的主攻方向。其中包括:1.国外种质在本省推广的玉米杂交种中占57.6%,在高产育种中起着举足轻重的作用,今后应采用直接利用与基础研究结合开发的方法;2.在良种与优化栽培的关系上主张库和源的关系与经济系数和生物产量关系相协调。