Measuring field resistance of cabbage cultivars to black rot

Summary Disease progress and gradient curves of black rot on cabbage were evaluated in field plots of the cultivars Bartolo, Erdeno, Perfect Ball, and Roxy in The Netherlands during 1991 and 1992. Plots were inoculated by single sources in the centre of each plot. Individual plants were examined for disease incidence and severity. Disease progress was described by the Gompertz model. The overall measure of absolute rate (disease progress rate r multiplied with maximum disease intensity K) was used to compare cultivar effects on disease progress. Disease gradients were described by the negative exponential model. The percentile distance (distance from the source at which disease intensity reached 1% of the empirical maximum disease intensity) was used to compare cultivar effects on disease spread. Disease severity is more sensitive than disease incidence to calculate the disease progress and spread of black rot. Measures of progress and gradient were about equally effective to screen cultivars for field resistance to black rot. Perfect Ball was the most susceptible, Erdeno and Bartolo were intermediate and Roxy was the most resistant for incidence and severity measures. Increased levels of field resistance reduced the development of black rot in time and in space. Field resistance of black rot is thought to be composed of several mechanisms. Microplots provide a good instrument for the assessment of small differences in field resistance, expressed equally well in disease progress as in disease gradient curves.     

Heritability and gain from selection for quantitative resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Capsicum annuum L.

Summary Breeding for disease resistance in peppers (Capsicum spp.) to the bacterial spot pathogen (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye) has been based on either qualitative or quantitative evaluation methods. Quantitative evaluation of components of resistance, lesion number and lesion diameter, has been useful for determining quantitative resistance, but few breeders have applied these methods in routine selection programs. This study was aimed at determining the heritability and gain from selection for resistance to the bacterial spot pathogen based on three components of resistance. Random selections from a diverse intermated population of Capsicum annuum L. were self-pollinated for two generations to create S₁ and S₂ families. Thirty S₁ families, corresponding S₂ families and four homozygous check lines were evaluated. At forty-two days after seeding, two different leaves of each plant were inoculated by leaf infiltration with low concentrations (5×10³ colony forming units) of Group 2 (XCV PT, race 1) and 4 (XCV P, race 1) of the bacterium, respectively. After 15 days, lesion number cm^-2 and lesion diameter were measured. Total lesion area was calculated. Narrow-sense heritabilities for lesion number, lesion diameter, and total lesion area were 0, 43, and 31%, respectively, with Group 2, and 26, 43, and 33%, respectively, with Group 4. Actual S₂ gain from 20% selection pressure in the S₁ was approximately 50%, when selection towards resistance was based on total lesion area.     

Development of black rot resistant interspecific hybrids between Brassica oleracea L. cultivars and Brassica accession A 19182, using embryo rescue

Black rot is a bacterial disease of Brassica oleracea caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Resistance to the major black rot races 1 or 4 has been identified in related Brassica species including B. carinata and B. napus. In this study, two B. juncea accessions (A 19182 and A 19183) that are resistant to races 1 and 4 of Xcc were used as maternal and paternal parents to generate interspecific hybrids with B. oleracea cultivars. Interspecific hybrids were recovered using the embryo rescue technique and confirmed through inheritance of paternal molecular markers. Twenty-six interspecific hybrid plants were obtained between A 19182 and B. oleracea cultivars, but no interspecific hybrids were obtained using A 19183. Although interspecific hybrid plants were male sterile, they were used successfully as maternal parents to generate backcross plants using embryo rescue. All hybrid and BC₁ plants were resistant to black rot races 1 and 4.     

Elucidation of meiotic nuclear restitution mechanisms in potato through analysis of microtubular cytoskeleton

DNAs of 693 isolates of bacterial blight pathogen of rice, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), were characterized using PCR-based primers p^JEL1 and p^JEL2. The pathogen populations were grouped into 97 haplotypes based on DNA-banding patterns. An un-weighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) indicated a high level of diversity in the pathogen isolates (51 lineages of Xoo at a 70% similarity level). Among these, lineages 5, 7, 27, and 29 are widely distributed and others are localized in the northern region of India. The isolates represent lineage-27, were prevalent in the entire disease-prone area in the region except at Ferozepur. Pathotyping data of the representative isolates of each lineage also indicate 17 different reaction patterns on a set of isogenic lines. Resistance genes xa8 and Xa21 were the most effective followed by xa5, and Xa7 against Xoo isolates prevalent in northern India. Different genes in combinations (xa5+xa13, xa5+Xa21, xa13+Xa21, and xa5+xa13+Xa21) in IR24 genetic background provided better protection against all the pathogen isolates tested in this study than did the component genes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Perspectives of breeding for resistance to ‘yellow disease’, Xanthomonas hyacinthi(Wakker)Dowson,in hyacinths (Hyacinthus L.)

Summary Since 1880 yellow disease has been known as a very serious disease in hyacinth. The breeding of resistant varieties can constitute an important contribution to the solution of this problem. Therefore it was first aseertained how the differences in resistance between the varieties can be determined as accurately as possible. To this end bulbs and plants of well known cultivars were inoculated with bacteria, and the degree of infection compared with that of bulbs grown in the field. It was found that the infection of the inoculated bulbs corresponded little, if at all, with infection in practice, but the infection of the inoculated leaves did. So the degree of leaf infection seems a useful selection criterion. Comparison of the infection of juvenile and adult plants also yielded an indication of the possibility of preselection for yellow disease resistance in seedling populations.     

Improving bacterial blight resistance of'6078', an elite restorer line of hybrid rice, by molecular marker-assisted selection

Bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (X00), is one of the most devastating diseases of rice world‐wide; it is also a serious problem of hybrid rice production in China. In this study, a molecular marker‐assisted introgression of Xa21, a gene highly resistant to a broad spectrum of Xoo strains, from ‘IRBB21’ was performed to improve the BB resistance of‘6078′, a new restorer line with high yielding potential. The entire process took one generation of crossing followed by three generations of backcrossing and one generation of selfing. The presence of Xa21 in each generation was determined by both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pathogen inoculation. Recombinations between Xa21 and flanking markers were identified by PCR analysis. Background selection was conducted in BC₁F₁ and BC₂F₁ using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers detecting a total of 129 polymorphic bands between‘6078’ and ‘IRBB21′. The individual selected in BC₃F₂, or‘6078′(Xa21), carried a fragment of less than 3.8 cM from the donor line in the Xa21 region on chromosome 11, and about 98.8% of the genetic background from the recurrent parent. The results showed that‘6078′(Xa21) had the same level and spectrum of BB resistance as the donor parent ‘IRBB21′, while maintaining the agronomic performance and combining ability of the original 6078. A significant increase in BB resistance was also achieved in the hybrid using 6078(Xa21) as the restorer line.     

水稻抗白叶枯病基因及其抗病机理的研究进展

水稻白叶枯病是由Xanthomonasoryzaepv．oryzae致病菌引起的全球性水稻病害。到目前为止,已有26个抗病基因被发现,有10个基因已在染色体上被定位,包括显性基因Xa1、Xa4、Xa21andXa26(t)等和隐性基因Xa5、Xa13等。对大部分抗病基因的抗病机制了解还不是很清楚。利用标记辅助选择(MAS)进行抗病育种是防治白叶枯病的有效途径。在此,综述了已发现的抗水稻白叶枯病基因的种类、分子标记、抗病机制和在抗病育种中的应用。     

柑橘溃疡病菌单链二硫键稳定重组抗体的构建、表达和特性

柑橘溃疡病(citrus bacterial canker disease,CBCD)是危害柑橘(Citrus reticulata Blanco)的重要病害,为了给柑橘溃疡病的现场快速诊断提供一种稳定的重组抗体,构建一种快速检测技术,本研究以鼠源抗柑橘溃疡病菌(Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri,Xac)表面脂多糖的二硫键稳定性抗体dsFv为模板进行基因改造,利用重叠延伸PCR在其重链可变区(VH)和轻链可变区(VL)之间引入一条人类抗体重链恒定区1(CH1)5'端12个氨基酸的序列作为连接肽,构建重组单链二硫键稳定抗体基因sc-dsFv。将获得的基因连接pET24a(+)载体,转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)得到工程菌,IPTG诱导表达。表达产物经体外复性并以Ni-NTA亲和层析对目标蛋白sc-dsFv进行纯化,利用斑点免疫杂交、ELISA和BIAcore检测抗体的活性、稳定性、特异性及亲和力。构建的抗体基因经测序结果表明,抗体重链可变区(VH)和轻链可变区(VL)基因之间成功引入目标连接肽序列,重组sc-dsFv蛋白实现了原核高效表达;通过体...     

福建柑桔溃疡病菌分化的初步研究

以日本(XC25和 XC29)和南京(XC31)菌株作对照,对从福建柑桔主要栽培品种上分离的28个柑桔溃疡病菌株进行培养性状,形态、生理生化、血清学,噬菌体敏感性和致病性的比较研究。试验初步表明,福建的柑桔溃疡病菌属于毒力较强的 A 致病型,且具有一定的分化。试验还表明,柑桔品种的抗病性变化较大。有感病、中抗和抗病等各种类型。在研究溃疡病菌菌系分化时,应选择中抗品种作为鉴别品种,采用无伤痍接种法较好。     

Virulence factors analysis of native isolates of Xanthomonas albilineans and Xanthomonas sacchari from Tucumán,Argentina, reveals differences in pathogenic strategies

Xanthomonas albilineans (Xa) and X. sacchari (Xs) are both sugarcane pathogens. Xa is the causal agent of leaf scald disease, but there is limited information about the pathogenicity of Xs. The aim of this work was to study virulence factors of native strains of Xa (Xa32, Xa33, and XaM6) and Xs (Xs14 and Xs15) previously isolated from sugarcane with leaf scald symptoms, to gain insight into the biology of each microorganism. We analysed epiphytic survival, sensitivity to oxidative stress, extracellular degradative enzymes, cell motilities, exopolysaccharide (EPS) characteristics, cell adhesion, biofilm development, and control of stomatal regulation of the five strains. We observed that each species presented similar phenotypes for every factor analysed. Xa strains appeared to be more sensitive to oxidative stress and presented lower epiphytic survival than Xs. All strains presented endoglucanase activity; however, we could only detect protease and amylase activities in Xs strains. Swimming and sliding were higher in Xs, but twitching was variable among species. We also observed that only Xs strains produced a xanthan-like EPS, presented a strong cell adhesion, and structured biofilm. We detected some intraspecific variations showing that higher amounts of EPS produced by Xs14 correlated with its higher sliding motility and its homogenous and more adhesive biofilm. In addition, EPSs of Xs14 and Xs15 presented differences in strand height and acetyl percentage. Finally, we found that strains of both species were able to interfere with stomatal aperture mechanism. All these differences could influence the colonization strategies and/or disease progression in each species.