两种产脲酶细菌固定Cd-As复合污染水稻土的研究

微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀(Microbial induced carbonate precipitation,MICP)是新兴重金属生物修复技术,具有绿色、高效的特点。本研究以镉(Cadmium,Cd)-砷(Arsenic,As)复合污染的水稻土为研究对象,以空白(CK)、尿素添加(UREA)为对照,分析巴氏芽孢杆菌(SP)和蜡样芽孢杆菌(BC)两种细菌对Cd、As的固定效果,并探讨修复后土壤性质及酶活性的变化。结果表明:与CK处理相比,BC处理下CaCl₂-Cd、CaCl₂-As含量分别显著降低30.2%、9.10%。与CK处理相比,SP、BC处理显著降低可氧化态Cd含量,且增加残渣态Cd含量;而仅BC处理显著降低可氧化态As含量,并显著提高残渣态As含量;且UREA、SP、BC处理下碳酸盐含量均增加。与CK处理相比,UREA、SP、BC处理下脲酶活性,分别显著提高48.0%、32.8%、11.7%,表明3种处理均能刺激MICP过程。与CK处理相比,SP、BC处理可有效提高土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、铵态氮含量,降低硝态氮含量,表明MICP过程不仅提...     

朱红毛斑蛾和花胸姬蜂对虫害诱导榕树挥发物的触角电位及行为反应

朱红毛斑蛾Phauda flammans是一种寡食性害虫,仅取食小叶榕Ficus concinna和垂叶榕F.benjamina。花胸姬蜂Gotra octocinctus是其幼虫的优势寄生性天敌。研究朱红毛斑蛾及花胸姬蜂对朱红毛斑蛾为害小叶榕和垂叶榕后诱导产生的挥发物的触角电位及行为反应可为实施“推-拉”策略防控朱红毛斑蛾提供基础资料。基于气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrum, GC-MS)和气相色谱-触角电位联用(gas chromatography-electroantennagraphic detection, GC-EAD),从受朱红毛斑蛾幼虫为害的小叶榕和垂叶榕虫害叶挥发物中筛选出对朱红毛斑蛾和花胸姬蜂雌雄成虫有电生理活性的物质,基于Y形嗅觉仪,测定朱红毛斑蛾和花胸姬蜂雌雄成虫对虫害叶挥发物成分的行为反应。结果表明,朱红毛斑蛾为害小叶榕和垂叶榕后,虫害叶中共分离出57种挥发物成分,其中,共有27种能引起朱红毛斑蛾雌雄虫的触角电位反应,在小叶榕和垂叶榕虫害叶片挥发物中同时存在的有11种。其中,两种榕树虫害叶特有的5种挥发物(β-...     

Contribution of growth rate and harvest index to grain yield of oats (Avena sativa L.) following selfing and outcrossing of M1 plants

Summary Three populations of oats, each with 790 lines, were derived from CI 7555: (a) one (M population) consisted of M₂-derived lines obtained from EMS treatment of naked seeds, (b) one (O population) consisted of F₂-derived lines from crosses of M₁ with check plants, and (c) one (C population) consisted of check lines.About 98% of the grain yield (GYD) variation in each population was due to variation in growth rate (GR) and harvest index (HI).There was greater variation for both GR and HI in M and O than in the C population, showing that mutations were induced for both traits. Generally, mutations for these two traits were for reduced expression: high HI and GR are desired in a practical oat breeding program, so most induced mutations were deleterious.Mutation breeding, either with direct selection or outerossing to release the induced mutations, does not appear to be a desirable method for improving GR or HI of oats.Journal Paper No. J-9308 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa 50011. Project No. 1752. This work was supported in part by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna. Austria, in the form of a fellowship for the senior author.National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (formerly Visiting assistant Professor in Agronomy, Iowa State University).     

松墨天牛辐射不育效应研究

经40 Gy60Coγ射线辐照处理的松墨天牛与未经辐照处理的松墨天牛之间的配比试验结果表明:40 Gy60Coγ射线辐照处理过的松墨天牛雌、雄虫,其生育力下降显著,在和未经辐照处理的松墨天牛雌、雄虫的生殖竞争中,能降低未经辐照处理松墨天牛生育卵的孵化率。该剂量为松墨天牛辐照处理的全不育剂量和内交不育剂量。该剂量的辐照处理对松墨天牛雄虫寿命的影响较雌虫显著;而对配对雌、雄虫的寿命无显著影响。从而证明释放辐照松墨天牛不育虫来降低林间松墨天牛种群数量,达到防止松材线虫病扩散和蔓延是切实可行的。     

烟草抗赤星病突变体ces21的产生和鉴定*

 用烟草花叶病毒弱毒株系N14预先接种,可以诱导烟草对病原真菌赤星病菌的系统获得性抗性（SAR）,减轻病菌引起的赤星病。选择表现诱导抗性最强植株材料进行组织培养与植株再生,通过体细胞无性系变异增强和巩固SAR性状,获得SAR组成性表达的突变体（constitutive expresser of SAR）ces2-1。除了抗病表型,ces2-1还组成性表达多种防卫反应基因。回交实验与遗传分析表明,ces 2-1是在野生型位点上的单基因显性突变。对ces 2-1与野生型进行mRNA差异显示分析,得到一个 ces 2-1独有、在野生型中缺少的转录本,与前人报道的烟草受过氧化氢诱导的一个基因片段同源。用cDNA末端快速扩增技术克隆了这个转录本的全长序列,根据生物信息学分析与功能的初步测定,把这个基因命名为烟草受过氧化氢诱导的抗病相关基因（hydrogen peroxide induced 1,NtHPI1）。     

防治松褐天牛诱木设置密度及胸径大小试验

研究了三种不同规格胸径的诱木在每公顷设置1、3、5和10株诱木的林分内诱集松褐天牛的效果,采用在林内均匀挂设诱捕器作对照,同一面积内设置不同密度和不同胸径的诱木作对比试验,观察记录诱捕器诱捕成虫和诱木诱集幼虫的情况,分析总结了不同密度下的三种胸径诱木的诱集幼虫效果,提出了按胸径5-15cm和每公顷3株的密度设置诱木防治松材线虫病的传媒昆虫松褐天牛效果最佳。     

水杨酸诱导车前草抗菌核病研究

车前草苗经水杨酸处理后,接种菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）。结果表明：5.0mmol/L水杨酸对菌核病菌无抑制作用;0.01,0.1,1.0,3.0,5.0mmol/L五种不同浓度水杨酸处理车前草苗时,0.1mmol/L水杨酸诱导车前草抗菌核病效果比其他浓度要好,其持续时间需要3 d才表现出诱导抗病性。     

Effect of Seed Bacterization on Plant Growth Response and Induction of Disease Resistance in Chilli

This study aimed to examine the induction of disease resistance, and growth response in chilli plants elicited by plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria [Pseudomonas aeruginosa （UPMP3）, Burkholderia cepacia （UPMB3）, and Serratia marcescens （UPMS3）]. Seed bacterization with UPMP3 and UPMB3 significantly increased peroxidase （PO）, polyphenol oxidase （PPO）, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL） activities. This increase corresponded to greater reduction in pre-and post-emergence damping-off caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. UPMS3 alone or as mixture with UPMP3 and UPMB3 did not show any significant reduction in disease incidence. However, all the isolates tested did not inhibit the seed germination and seedling establishment in chilli.     

高空气球搭载水稻种子后代变异的研究

以籼稻品种惠阳珍珠早干种子为材料 ,经高空气球 30km搭载飞行 8h后返地种植 ,从第1代发现较多变异单株 ,从第 1、2代选出的株高变矮、育性降低、穗长增长 3个株系的变异性状在其后代种植过程中稳定遗传 ,与原种比较达到极显著差异水平 ,通过连续 6代种植、田间观察、考种和差异显著性的统计学分析表明 ,高空气球搭载水稻种子能诱导其遗传变异     

Passive gear‐induced timidity syndrome in wild fish populations and its potential ecological and managerial implications

Human exploitation of wild‐living animals has been suggested to create a ‘landscape of fear’. A consequence could be that individuals surviving intensive harvesting, either as a result of behavioural plasticity and/or evolutionary change, exhibit increased average timidity. In the aquatic world, such effects are particularly well documented in passively operated fishing gears common to many commercial and recreational fisheries, such as angling, trapping or gill netting. We thus propose that an exploitation‐induced timidity syndrome should be a widespread pattern in fisheries. Importantly, we argue that the syndrome can be associated with several ecological and managerial consequences for social groups, populations, food webs, fisheries and assessment of stocks. We suggest research priorities to deepen our understanding of how exploited fish populations behaviourally respond to harvesting.