Comparison of root and foliar applications of potassium silicate in potentiating post‐infection defences of melon against powdery mildew

The application of silicon to the roots or leaves reduces the severity of powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) in melon but the latter treatment is less effective. This study compared key biochemical defence responses of melon triggered by P. xanthii after root or foliar treatment with potassium silicate (PS). Treatments consisted of pathogen‐inoculated or mock‐inoculated plants supplied with PS via roots or foliarly, as well as a non‐treated control. The activity of defence enzymes and the concentration of phenolic compounds, lignin and malondialdehyde were determined from leaf samples at different time points after inoculation. Pathogen‐inoculated plants irrigated with PS showed both an accumulation of silicon and primed defence responses in leaves that were not observed in pathogen‐inoculated plants either sprayed with PS or not treated. These responses included the anticipated activity of peroxidase and accumulation of soluble phenols, the activation of chitinase and repression of catalase, and the stronger activation of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and β‐1,3‐glucanase. Moreover, the lignin concentration increased in response to inoculation, whereas the malondialdehyde concentration decreased. For the foliar treatment, however, only an increase in lignin deposition was observed compared with the control plants. The results show that silicon strongly plays an active role in modulating the defence responses of melon against P. xanthii when supplied to the roots as opposed to the foliage.     

氟唑活化酯诱导大白菜抗根肿病的研究

本文研究了我国具有自主知识产权的新型化合物氟唑活化酯诱导大白菜对根肿病的抗病效果及诱导技术。荧光染色观察发现该化合物对根肿菌休眠孢子没有明显的杀死作用,但具有明显的诱导抗病效果。不同的诱导浓度、诱导间隔期和诱导次数对根肿病的诱抗效果均不同。温室盆栽试验结果显示,25 mg/L的氟唑活化酯间隔7 d诱导大白菜3次,对根肿病的防病效果最好,达到71.33%,与诱抗剂苯并噻二唑效果相当,显著高于杀菌药剂50%氟啶胺悬浮剂拌土的防效(63.32%)。田间从苗期开始用氟唑活化酯25 mg/L诱导大白菜3次,诱导间隔期为7 d,对根肿病的诱抗效果最好达69.99%±2.01%,略低于对照杀菌剂氟啶胺拌土施药。本文明确了新型诱抗剂氟唑活化酯诱导大白菜对根肿病的抗病效果,并系统研究了施药技术,为白菜根肿病的防治提供了新手段。     

帚枝霉属内生真菌激发子蛋白SbES诱导辣椒抗棒孢叶斑病作用机理

为明确帚枝霉属Sarocladium内生生防真菌HND5菌株外泌激发子蛋白SbES的诱导辣椒抗病作用机理,通过构建SbES蛋白的毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris重组蛋白表达菌株,利用纯化后的SbES重组蛋白处理辣椒植株,检测辣椒对棒孢叶斑病的抗性,以及相关抗病反应与抗病基因表达的变化。结果表明,0.1 mg/mL SbES重组蛋白可有效诱导辣椒产生对棒孢叶斑病的抗性,可激发辣椒叶片活性氧爆发、微过敏反应和胼胝质积累等抗病反应;并能有效提高辣椒叶片中与活性氧爆发、过敏性反应、胼胝质合成和植保素合成等抗病反应相关基因,以及水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯信号传导关键基因的表达。推测帚枝霉属内生真菌激发子蛋白SbES可通过激活多种抗病信号传导途径来激发辣椒产生对棒孢叶斑病的抗性。     

水杨酸和壳聚糖诱导苹果叶片对斑点落叶病抗性的研究

采用喷雾接种的方法测定了不同浓度的水杨酸和壳聚糖对苹果斑点落叶病菌(Alternaria mali Roberts)的室内抑菌作用、诱导抗病效果及诱导苹果叶片后各种抗病性物质含量的变化.结果表明,不同浓度的水杨酸和壳聚糖对A.mali均无明显的抑制作用,其中100μ g/mL的水杨酸和500 μg/mL的壳聚糖对A.mali的抑制率较低,仅为5.33％和4.73％,但诱导抗病效果较显著,分别达到70.90％和77.77％.两种药剂诱导叶片后,叶片中POD、PAL活性以及木质素积累量明显高于对照,且随时间的增长,POD和PAL酶活性先升高后降低,在第3天,POD和PAL酶活性均达到峰值;而壳聚糖诱导后PPO活性随时间的增长呈升高的趋势,但水杨酸对PPO酶活性变化的影响较小.     

Effects of far-red light on tritrophic interactions between the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis on tomato

BACKGROUND

The use of light-emitting diode (LED) lights in horticulture allows growers to adjust the light spectrum to optimize crop production and quality. However, changes in light quality can also influence plant–arthropod interactions, with possible consequences for pest management. The addition of far-red light has been shown to interfere with plant immunity, thereby increasing plant susceptibility to biotic stress and increasing pest performance. Far-red light also influences plant emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and might thus influence tritrophic interactions with biological control agents. We investigated how far-red light influences the VOC-mediated attraction of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis to tomato plants infested with Tetranychus urticae, and its ability to control T. urticae populations.

RESULTS

Far-red light significantly influences herbivore-induced VOC emissions of tomato plants, characterized by a change in relative abundance of terpenoids, but this did not influence the attraction of P. persimilis to herbivore-induced plants. Supplemental far-red light led to an increased population growth of T. urticae and increased numbers of P. persimilis. This resulted in a stronger suppression of T. urticae populations under supplemental far-red light, to similar T. urticae numbers as in control conditions without supplemental far-red light.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that supplemental far-red light can change herbivore-induced VOC emissions but does not interfere with the attraction of the predator P. persimilis. Moreover, far-red light stimulates biological control of spider mites in glasshouse tomatoes due to increased population build-up of the biocontrol agent. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

烟粉虱MED隐种气味结合蛋白OBP8的克隆、原核表达及与植物挥发物的结合特性

烟粉虱为重要的入侵性经济作物害虫,对入侵地寄主植物存在选择性和偏好性。为明确烟粉虱气味结合蛋白(odorant binding protein,OBPs)的相关特性,通过克隆其OBP8基因Btab OBP8,进行同源基因进化关系分析,构建原核表达载体诱导表达重组蛋白,并利用基于荧光探针N-苯基-1-萘胺(N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine,1-NPN)的荧光竞争结合试验测试了Btab OBP8与不同寄主植物挥发物的结合功能。结果表明,Btab OBP8基因的开放阅读框全长480 bp,编码159个氨基酸,与半翅目其它害虫的OBP8基因进化关系较远。Btab OBP8蛋白重组后,4种化合物即β-紫罗兰酮、月桂烯、柠檬烯和P-伞花烃将1-NPN的相对荧光强度降低到50%以下,其中β-紫罗兰酮和月桂烯与Btab OBP8的结合能力最强,解离常数分别为13.32μmol/L和21.53μmol/L。表明β-紫罗兰酮和月桂烯与Btab OBP8具有良好的亲和力,推测Btab OBP8对β-紫罗兰酮和月桂烯的识别可能参与了烟粉虱对绿色开花植物的吸引和选择作用。     

卷蛾分索赤眼蜂对十字花科蔬菜挥发性物质的行为反应

在室内利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja对11种十字花科蔬菜挥发性物质不同浓度的嗅觉行为反应。结果表明:卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的嗅觉反应不仅与挥发物组分的种类有关,而且与每一种物质的浓度也有一定的关系。同一种挥发性物质因浓度的不同,对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的作用可为吸引、趋避和无反应3种情况。1%的2,6,10,14-四甲基十五烷,1%和0.1%的癸酸乙酯对该蜂有极显著的吸引作用(P<0.01),浓度为1%的乙酸(2-乙基己基)酯、苯乙烯和0.1%的2-苯基乙基硫代异氰酸酯、正辛醛对该蜂的吸引作用达到显著水平(P<0.05)。10%的2,6,10,14-四甲基十五烷,10%和1%的2-苯基乙基硫代异氰酸酯对该蜂有极显著的趋避作用(P<0.01),10%的正壬醛、香桧烯和苯乙烯对该蜂的趋避作用也达到显著水平(P<0.05)。其它处理对该蜂的行为反应无显著影响(P>0.05)。中浓度1%的2,6,10,14-四甲基十五烷、2-苯基乙基硫代异氰酸酯和低浓度0.1%的苯乙烯对该蜂有显著的吸引作用,而高浓度10%的2,6,10,14-四甲基十五烷、2-苯基乙基硫代异...     

β-葡寡糖诱导植物抗病性的研究进展

β-葡寡糖作为一种植物激发子,可高效诱导植物产生抗病性,因此被普遍认为是一种病原物相关的分子模式.其作用的发挥主要是通过与细胞膜上的受体相互识别,引起受体构象改变产生跨膜信号,再经过一系列的胞内信号传导,调控防卫基因的表达,积累次生代谢产物,诱导植物抗性来实现.诱抗活性不仅受到寡糖聚合度和化学修饰基团的影响,而且植物对于结构上有差异的β-葡寡糖激发子的识别也是大相径庭.本文就β-葡寡糖诱导植物产生抗病性的研究进展进行了综述.     

Induced resistance to foliar diseases by soil solarization and Trichoderma harzianum

The effect of soil solarization and Trichoderma harzianum on induced resistance to grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) was studied. Plants were grown in soils pretreated by solarization, T. harzianum T39 amendment or both, and then their leaves were inoculated with the pathogens. There was a significant reduction in grey mould in cucumber, strawberry, bean and tomato, and of powdery mildew in cucumber, with a stronger reduction when treatments were combined. Bacillus, pseudomonad and actinobacterial communities in the strawberry rhizosphere were affected by the treatments, as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting. In tomato, treatments affected the expression of salicylic acid (SA)‐, ethylene (ET)‐ and jasmonic acid (JA)‐responsive genes. With both soil treatments, genes related to SA and ET – PR1a, GluB, CHI9 and Erf1 – were downregulated whereas the JA marker PI2 was upregulated. Following soil treatments and B. cinerea infection, SA‐, ET‐, and JA‐related genes were globally upregulated, except for the LOX genes which were downregulated. Upregulation of the PR genes PR1a, GluB and CHI9 in plants grown in solarized soil revealed a priming effect of this treatment on these genes' expression. The present study demonstrates the capacity of solarization and T. harzianum to systemically induce resistance to foliar diseases in various plants. This may be due to either a direct effect on the plant or an indirect one, via stimulation of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere.