Colostrogenesis during an induced lactation in dairy cattle

Colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) is of major importance for the newborn calf because epitheliochorial placentae do not provide transport in utero. The formation of colostrum occurs in the later stages of pregnancy. Our objectives were to induce lactation in non‐pregnant dairy cows and (i) to determine the changes of IgG in serum and mammary secretions during the induction process and (ii) to establish α‐lactalbumin (αLA) and prolactin (Prl) alterations to monitor the changing mammary epithelial tight junction status and development pattern. Estradiol‐17β (E2) and progesterone (P4) injections in a 1–7 days series were combined with a 3‐day injection series (day 21–23) of dexamethasone (DEX). Blood and both front quarter secretion samples were collected daily. Milking started 24 days after the start of the experiment. Results show that the mammary secretory IgG1 was increased at >7 days after the start of steroid injections and depicted a bimodal pattern reaching a high of 16 mg/ml at 21 day compared with 3.2 mg/ml in the serum. There was a small increase in secretory IgG2 that did not correlate with tight junction status, but never reached the serum concentration. The injections of DEX resulted in constriction of tight junctions. Secretory αLA was immediately increased with steroid injections, dropped precipitously after 7 days and then began a steady increase until the start of milking. Changes in serum αLA are related to mammary tight junctions while serum Prl gradually increased from 30 to >60 ng/ml after the steroid injections stopped. These results provide insights into the mechanisms and timing of colostrogenesis during an induced lactation protocol.     

草酸诱导紫花苜蓿对霜霉病的抗性

为确定外源草酸(OA)对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)抗霜霉病(Peronospora aestivalis)的诱导作用,本研究采用喷雾法将10、20、30、40 mmol·L-1的草酸喷洒在十叶期紫花苜蓿幼苗上,喷雾后7 d测定苜蓿霜霉病苗期病情指数,并分别于喷雾后1、3、5、7和9 d测定叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果表明,喷雾10~40 mmol·L-1草酸溶液均可降低苜蓿霜霉病的病情指数,且随着草酸浓度升高,病情指数由31.1%下降到19.6%,下降了11.5百分点,相对诱导抗病效果呈上升趋势,最高诱抗效果达到50.8%,苜蓿叶片中POD、PAL和SOD的活性增强。     

茉莉酸甲酯和磷酸氢二钾诱导柱花草对炭疽病的抗性

探究茉莉酸甲酯(Methyl Jasmonate,MeJA)和磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4)诱导柱花草对炭疽病的抵抗作用。结果表明,二者浓度分别为0.001~0.1mg·mL-1和10~50mmol·L-1时,病情指数均显著降低(P0.05),最佳诱导浓度分别是0.001mg·mL-1和30mmol·L-1,诱导效果分别是64.84%和54.40%。0.001mg·mL-1MeJA处理组的过氧化物酶(POD)及多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性在48h达到最大值,显著高于对照组。30mmol·L-1 K2HPO4处理组的POD与PPO活性分别在48和24h达到最大值,显著高于对照组。两种诱抗剂处理的POD和PPO活性在接种早期增加了柱花草对炭疽菌的侵染的抵御能力,进而提高植株的抗病性。30mmol·L-1 K2HPO4处理组的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在48~72h内上升,显著高于对照组,而0.001mg·mL-1 MeJA处理组的CAT活性除72h显著低于对照组,其他时间点与对照组相差不大。说明在诱导柱花草抗病性方面,两种诱导抗性剂处理的诱抗效果与POD、PPO和CAT的酶活性的诱导的时间及程度有关。     

高含硫管道氢致开裂的分形效应及扩展速率计算

氢致开裂是高含硫气田集输管网、长输管网管线钢失效的主要模式之一,为明确管道氢致开裂的机理与过程,对其开裂模式进行了研究。对氢质量浓度在金属裂尖扩展过程中的变化规律进行分析,考虑分形效应的影响,对氢致裂纹的动力学模型进行修正,提出了氢致裂纹扩展的直裂纹-剪切带分形模型:在Gerberich对氢致开裂研究的基础上,基于裂尖的氢化作用与裂纹扩展过程中存在的耦合因素,将断裂过程区的形状与裂纹的扩展长度进行结合,构建了氢致开裂裂纹扩展各阶段分形速率的表达式,得到了更为合理的基于分形效应的氢致开裂数学模型。以材质为16Mn和20钢的天然气管道为例,分别计算了母材与焊缝处的氢致裂纹扩展速率,对比得出两种材料抗H2S的性能,研究结果对于高含硫管道材料的选择具有一定指导意义。     

番茄青枯病抗性相关根际微生物的研究进展

由茄科雷尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）侵染引起的植物细菌性青枯病（Bacterial wilt）素有“植物癌症”之称,是一种毁灭性土传细菌病害。目前,青枯病已成为制约我国番茄生产的主要病害之一。抗青枯病番茄品种表现出与劣质农艺性状连锁遗传的问题一直没有得到解决,而且番茄青枯病抗性主要为数量遗传,不利于优良抗病品种的选育。根际微生物参与调控植物免疫系统,提高寄主植物青枯病抗性,反之,寄主植物的健康状况也能够影响根际微生物群落组成,根际微生物在番茄青枯病防治中具有重要作用。对抗青枯病番茄根际微生物群落特征及微生物群落形成的影响因素进行总结,讨论了根际微生物参与调控番茄青枯病抗性遗传的作用机制,并对利用有益根际微生物调控番茄青枯病研究方向的热点进行展望,为番茄青枯病诱导抗性机制的解析、遗传育种以及番茄青枯病的防治与品种的合理布局提供有效参考。     

Effects of animal liver and bile extracts on biochemical values of rat ethanol‐induced fatty liver

The purposes of this study were to assess the improvement of fatty liver induced by ethanol with animal liver and bile extracts. This research aimed to increase the economic values of animal liver and bile extracts and used these to reduce damage of ethanol‐induced fatty liver. Extracts came from animal liver and bile, including pig bile powder, pig liver extract, a mixture of pig bile powder and pig liver extract, chicken bile powder, chicken liver extract, and a mixture of chicken bile powder and chicken liver extract, and these were fed to Long‐Evans rats. The results showed that rats fed ethanol for long terms could increase values of aspartate transaminase, cholesterol, γ‐glutamy‐transferase and alkaline phosphatase. Pig bile powder could decrease the values of aspartate transaminase, cholesterol and γ‐glutamy‐transferase. The significances also decreased on aspartate transaminase, γ‐glutamy‐transferase and aspartate transaminase, which were carried out with the pig liver extract treatment. These results suggest pig bile and liver extracts have high potential to improve rats' ethanol‐induced fatty liver with serum biochemical parameters.     

IMP improves water‐holding capacity,physical and sensory properties of heat‐induced gels from porcine meat

Water‐holding capacity (WHC) of heat‐induced pork gels was examined. The heat‐induced gels were obtained from meat homogenates prepared by adding nine volumes of 0.3–0.5 mol/L NaCl solutions containing 9–36 mmol/L disodium inosine‐5′‐monophosphate (IMP) or 9 mmol/L tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (KPP) to minced pork. IMP at 36 mmol/L enhanced the WHC to the same level as attained by KPP. Physical and sensory properties of heat‐induced gels were also examined. The heat‐induced gels were prepared from porcine meat homogenates containing 0.3 mol/L NaCl and 9–36 mmol/L IMP or 9 mmol/L KPP. IMP at 36 mmol/L enhanced the values of hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and springiness, measured with a Tensipresser, and several organoleptic scores to the same level as the score attained by KPP. Thus, it is concluded that IMP is expected to be a practical substitute for pyrophosphates to improve the quality of sausages.     

The immune response to anesthesia: Part 1

ObjectiveTo review the immune response to anesthesia including mechanical ventilation, inhaled anesthetic gases, and injectable anesthetics and sedatives.Study designReview.Methods and databasesMultiple literature searches were performed using PubMed and Google Scholar from spring 2012 through fall 2013. Relevant anesthetic and immune terms were used to search databases without year published or species constraints. The online database for Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia and the Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care were searched by issue starting in 2000 for relevant articles.ConclusionRecent research data indicate that commonly used volatile anesthetic agents, such as isoflurane and sevoflurane, may have a protective effect on vital organs. With the lung as the target organ, protection using an appropriate anesthetic protocol may be possible during direct pulmonary insults, including mechanical ventilation, and during systemic disease processes, such as endotoxemia, generalized sepsis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury.