Quantitative trait loci of frost tolerance and physiologically related trait in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

In faba bean, field based winter-hardiness is a complex trait that is significantly correlated to frost tolerance. Frost tolerance could be used to indirectly select for faba bean winter-hardiness. The aim of this study was to identify putative QTL associated with frost tolerance and auxiliary traits and to quantify the efficiency of marker assisted selection. Thus, 101 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between two frost tolerant lines were tested for their hardened and unhardened frost tolerance and for their leaf fatty acid content in both treatments. Significant differences among the RIL were observed for all studied traits. For frost tolerance, five putative QTL were detected; three for unhardened frost tolerance that explained 40.7% (8.6% after cross-validation, CV) of its genotypic variance and two for hardened frost tolerance that explained 21.8% (1.0% after CV). For fatty acid content, three QTL were detected for oleic acid content in unhardened leaves that explained 62.9% (40.6% after CV) of its genotypic variance. This fatty acid was significantly correlated with unhardened frost tolerance. The unbiased genotypic variance explained enabled to draw realistic prospects of MAS for frost tolerance. In this study, combined MAS was more efficient than classical phenotypic selection and was expected to be higher on larger populations at early generations. Moreover, favourable alleles inherited from the exotic line BPL 4628 could be introgressed to European winter-hardy beans for further improvement.     

连续3 a生草对苹果园土壤理化性质及微生物群落的影响

以自然生草为对照,研究苹果园行间连续3 a种植黑麦草、白三叶和长柔毛野豌豆对土壤理化性质及微生物群落结构的影响,并进行相关性分析。结果表明,苹果园连续生草3 a,可显著提高果园土壤养分含量、降低土壤pH。其中长柔毛野豌豆和白三叶处理的土壤碱解氮含量分别从2018年的42.26 mg/kg和18.38 mg/kg提升至2020年的61.94mg/kg和70.16 mg/kg,固氮作用显著。长柔毛野豌豆处理可在一定程度上提高土壤鞘氨醇单胞菌、木霉菌等有益菌的相对丰度。相关性分析发现,在生草条件下,适当提高果园土壤有效磷和有机质含量,降低pH,可在一定程度上降低青枯菌、白粉菌、刺盘孢属、葡萄穗霉属等病原菌的相对丰度,提高芽孢杆菌、溶杆菌等有益菌的相对丰度,有助于改良土壤微生态环境。     

Optimizing forage yield of durum wheat/field bean intercropping through N fertilization and row ratio

Intercropping (IC) cereals and legumes could be an option for obtaining forage suitable for ensiling and enabling reduced N fertilization. Two experiments were performed in central Italy with durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and field bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) grown for forage production in IC and as sole crops (SC) with different N rates (20 and 50 kg ha^?1) and row ratios (1:1 and 2:1 cereal/legume). The aims were to assess (i) whether IC is a feasible option to reduce N fertilization; (ii) the best combination of practices to obtain forage suitable for ensiling; and (iii) competition/facilitation effects exerted by field bean on durum wheat. Results showed IC allowed fertilizer‐N reduction and led to improved forage yield with better quality, compared with SC. Land equivalent ratio indicated a high efficiency of the IC, by up to 26% with respect to SC. Field bean was the dominant species of IC, but N fertilization reduced its competitive ability and enhanced that of wheat. In the intercrop fertilized with 50 kg N ha^?1, the proportion of the wheat in the herbage (0·34–0·41 of the total dry matter) was sufficient for ensiling of the forage mass. Field bean exerted both competition and facilitation effects on the cereal. N uptake of durum wheat was greater under IC with beans than as wheat SC.     

春季翻压3种果园绿肥腐解及养分释放特征研究

为了研究二月兰、黑麦草、毛叶苕子3种绿肥在果园条件下的翻压腐解特性及养分释放特征,采用尼龙网袋法在苹果园进行了110天的田间腐解试验。结果表明：绿肥作为有机肥源翻压后累积腐解率能达到69.10%~76.06%,腐解过程中呈现前21天腐解较快、后期腐解缓慢并逐渐趋于平稳的趋势。碳、氮、磷、钾均在翻压后的前21天大量释放,整体养分释放率表现为钾>碳>氮>磷,试验结束时（翻压110天）,碳、氮、磷、钾的累积释放率分别为76.81%~82.04%、81.06%~84.97%、72.96%~76.81%、95.39%~97.65%。与禾本科绿肥黑麦草相比,豆科绿肥毛叶苕子和十字花科绿肥二月兰具有较低的初始C/N,更易于腐解,较适宜于华北平原果园种植。     

光照对箭筈豌豆及其子代生长和繁殖特性的影响

光照不仅会影响植物自身的生长,也可能会对其子代的生长具有潜在作用。以箭筈豌豆品种兰箭1号和兰箭3号为材料,分析遮荫和自然光照下箭筈豌豆及其子代的生长特性。结果表明:光照对箭筈豌豆生长和繁殖特性的影响因基因型而异。与光照条件相比,遮荫显著降低兰箭1号生物量及茎叶比,但对繁殖分配的比例影响不显著。与此相反,遮荫对兰箭3号的生长与繁殖无显著影响;母本光照环境对箭筈豌豆子代生长特性具有一定程度的影响,且这种影响因子代植株生长的光照环境而异。当子代在遮荫环境下,母本环境显著影响兰箭1号分枝数、地上生物量、总生物量、地上/地下生物量以及兰箭3号的分枝数。但当子代在光照环境下生长时,除兰箭3号分枝数外,其他生长特性均不受母本环境影响。     

Untersuchungen zur Assimilatverteilung in Ackerbohnen (Vicia faba L.) während der Blühphase

Investigations about the distribution of assimilates during flowering in broad beans ( Vicia faba L.)
The distribution of assimilates during flowering was studied on single plants exposed to ¹⁴CO₂ in the field. The plants were harvested 1, 3, 15 days after exposition and at ripening. Results:
1. At the begin of flowering the nodes with flowers assimilated much ¹⁴C with a tendency of higher contents in the more above situated nodes. The concentration of ¹⁴C was similar in blades, stalks and flowers.
2. The assimilates incorporated after 24 hours were only to a small amount translocated afterwards. Only 3 % went to the apical region. An intensive restorement out of the blades took place at the time of ripening.
3. In the midst of flowering the concentration of ¹⁴C was lower in the nodes with open flowers than in those with shut or with pods. At that time pods are already strong sinks that withdraw assimilates from blades and stalks.
4. At the time when large and small pods are growing on the lower and middle nodes, the nodes in the apical region will be deprived of assimilates (effects of dominance).
5. Roots and nodules had low but stable contents and concentrations of ¹⁴C during flowering. These descended distinctly at ripening.     

箭筈豌豆真菌病害研究进展

箭筈豌豆是一年生野豌豆属植物,也是野豌豆属的重要栽培种。截止2015年年底,世界范围内箭筈豌豆真菌病害共有14种,分布于28个国家或地区,茎叶部病害、根部病害和系统性病害分别有10种(黑腐病、炭疽病等)、3种(丝囊霉根腐病、镰孢根腐病、腐霉病)和1种(黄萎病)。这些病害中,链格孢黑斑病、丝囊霉病、腐霉病、黄萎病4种病害仅在国外报道。附球菌叶斑病和葡柄霉叶斑病两种病害仅在我国发生。我国共10种病害,在10个省区有报道,其中病害发生数最多的地区为甘肃(8种),其次为云南(6种)。箭筈豌豆的真菌性病原共有43种,25种为半知菌,占总数的58%,其余为7种子囊菌、6种担子菌、5种鞭毛菌,分别占总数的16%,14%和12%。43种病原真菌中,有15种真菌引起的病害仅在国外报道,有7种真菌引起病害仅在我国报道。还有7种真菌只在箭筈豌豆上发现,再无其他寄主报道。另外,我国还在箭筈豌豆种子上检测出6种种带真菌,其中4种均能不同程度地降低箭筈豌豆种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。国内外对箭筈豌豆真菌病害的危害程度、发生规律和防治等方面研究较少,主要集中在炭疽病、白粉病、锈病、灰斑病等几种病害上。随着箭筈豌豆栽培面积和需求的扩大,应该关注影响我国箭筈豌豆生产的主要真菌病害,在确定病原真菌的基础上,加深对病原真菌发生规律的研究,制定出有效的防治策略。     

含水量和混播比例对青南牧区燕麦-箭筈豌豆/毛苕子混播青贮品质的影响

将青南牧区燕麦和箭筈豌豆或毛苕子以不同的混播比例(18∶2、17∶3、16∶4、15∶5)、原料含水量(40%~70%)和青贮方式(整株与切短青贮)青贮并评价发酵品质,筛选出最佳的加工利用模式。参照德国农业协会青贮饲草评分标准,70个青贮处理中品质等级1级的35个,占总数的50.0%;品质等级2级的18个,占25.7%;品质等级3级的15个,占21.4%;品质等级4级的2个,占2.9%。总体上看:含水量50%~60%切短青贮感官评定得分较高。实验室化学测定结果表明,从pH值、乳酸含量、粗蛋白含量和氨态氮占总氮比值4个指标比较,h₁t₂s₅₀、h₁t₂s₅₅、h₁t₂s₆₀、h₁t₂s₆₅和h₄t₂s₅₀、h₄t₂s₅₅、h₄t₂s₆₀、h₄t₂s₆₅ 等8个处理综合表现较好。综合现场感官评定、实验室化学检测以及饲草产量,建议在青南牧区采用h₄t₂s₅₀处理方式进行牧草生产与青贮。     

毛苕子对次生盐碱地抑盐效应的研究

通过田间试验测定不同密度毛苕子(Vicia villosa)处理的可溶性盐分及盐分离子，研究了毛苕子对次生盐碱地的抑盐效应。结果表明：在0～100cm的土层中，高、中和低密度毛苕子地的平均可溶性盐分分别较对照降低78．5％，74．7％，71．1％；各处理间的平均可溶性盐分和对照比差异达极显著(SSR0．01)；可溶性盐分降低最显著的是0～20cm土层；毛苕子对可溶性盐分和盐离子层次分布影响结果是形成表层高-中层低-下层高的态势；随总可溶性盐分量的减少，盐分离子组成也相应地发生变化，毛苕子能显著增大盐碱地的K^ ／Na^ ；不同密度毛苕子处理的K^ 、Na^ 、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、Cl^-规律性较好而SO4^2-欠佳。毛苕子改良盐碱地可开发盐地草产业，生态、经济效益俱佳，在西部内陆区次生盐碱地开发中具有广泛的农学意义。