Physoderma,not Olpidium,is the true cause of faba bean gall disease of Vicia faba in Ethiopia

Faba bean gall (FBG) is a devastating disease of faba bean (Vicia faba) in Ethiopia. Studies were undertaken first to compare and contrast similarities between FBG disease symptoms and morphology in Ethiopia with those reported earlier in China and, secondly, to identify definitively the FBG causal agent, previously considered as Olpidium viciae, through molecular studies. Morphological studies confirmed an epibiotic phase of zoosporangia for dispersing zoospores, characteristic of Physoderma but not Olpidium, and did not show critical diagnostic characteristics of Olpidium such as presence of numerous short zoosporangial discharging tubes, or binucleate resting sporangia. Recognizing this epibiotic phase is a foundation for comprehending FBG epidemiology and will allow forecasting of zoospore release to highlight best timings for applications of chemical sprays to reduce reinfection cycles. Sequences of partial ITS1-5.8S-partial ITS2, the 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-part of 28S rRNA, and LSU (28S rRNA) derived from tissue with symptoms confirmed Physoderma, and not Olpidium, as the causal agent. Sample sequences were either close to Physoderma or the contaminant ascochyta pathogen Didymella. From symptom, morphological, and molecular data, the causal agent of FBG disease in Ethiopia is Physoderma. From observations of symptoms that Physoderma can cause, it was determined that this Physoderma crosses over between different legume host genera (e.g., Vicia, Pisum, Trifolium), highlighting the significant biosecurity risk for countries currently free of FBG.     

甲醛胁迫下蚕豆保卫细胞中过氧化氢的积累及其对气孔导度和开度的影响

以蚕豆为试材,对甲醛(HCHO)处理0、24、48、72 h的蚕豆叶片进行气孔开度、导度、细胞内H2O2含量和抗氧化酶活性的测定,并用荧光显微检测法进行了H2O2的亚细胞定位检测。结果表明:气体HCHO处理的72 h内,由于蚕豆叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性从284.52 U·min-1·g-1 FW升至291.44 U·min-1·g-1 FW,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性先升高后降低,导致蚕豆叶片中H2O2含量从1.31μmol·g-1 FW升至2.39μmol·g-1 FW;较短时间(24~48 h)的HCHO处理下蚕豆叶片H2O2主要分布在保卫细胞的胞质中,72 h后不仅保卫细胞的胞质中H2O2积累增多,积累H2O2的叶绿体数量也增多;HCHO持续处理72 h内蚕豆叶片气孔开度和导度分别下降46.50%和78.80%,涂抹抗坏血酸(ASA)的实验证实,H2O2对蚕豆叶片气孔开度和导度的调节起到关键作用。研究认为,0.46~0.72 mg·m-3的HCHO胁迫致使蚕豆叶片中积累的H2O2定位于保卫细胞,是蚕豆叶片气孔开度减小和导度降低的主要原因。     

Effect of hardening on frost tolerance and fatty acid composition of leaves and stems of a set of faba bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.) genotypes

Frost tolerance is a main component of winter-hardiness and improving it would promote faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cropping in cool-temperate regions. In many species, leaf fatty acid composition was found to be related to frost tolerance. The objective of this study was to determine, in a representative sample of genotypes, the effect of hardening on leaf and stem (1) frost tolerance and (2) fatty acid composition, and to seek correlations between them. First leaf, second leaf and stem of 31 faba bean genotypes were analyzed after hardening and without hardening. High frost tolerance of known winter genotypes and several experimental lines was shown. Hardening had a significant, positive effect on frost tolerance of all three organs. Stems were on average more frost tolerant than leaves. Hardening induced significant changes in the fatty acid composition: oleic acid decreased significantly in leaves by 3.24% and in stems by 1.77%, whereas linolenic acid increased in leaves by 6.28% and in stems by 9.06%. In stems, correlations between frost tolerance and fatty acid composition were not significant. Correlation coefficients strongly indicated that non-hardened oleic acid content, changes in oleic acid and in linoleic plus linolenic acid content in leaves partly explained their frost tolerance; 0.347 (P < 0.1) < |r| < 0.543 (P < 0.01). The results corroborate the importance of using genetic differences in the fatty acid metabolism in breeding grain legumes for frost tolerance.     

Quantitative trait loci of frost tolerance and physiologically related trait in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

In faba bean, field based winter-hardiness is a complex trait that is significantly correlated to frost tolerance. Frost tolerance could be used to indirectly select for faba bean winter-hardiness. The aim of this study was to identify putative QTL associated with frost tolerance and auxiliary traits and to quantify the efficiency of marker assisted selection. Thus, 101 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between two frost tolerant lines were tested for their hardened and unhardened frost tolerance and for their leaf fatty acid content in both treatments. Significant differences among the RIL were observed for all studied traits. For frost tolerance, five putative QTL were detected; three for unhardened frost tolerance that explained 40.7% (8.6% after cross-validation, CV) of its genotypic variance and two for hardened frost tolerance that explained 21.8% (1.0% after CV). For fatty acid content, three QTL were detected for oleic acid content in unhardened leaves that explained 62.9% (40.6% after CV) of its genotypic variance. This fatty acid was significantly correlated with unhardened frost tolerance. The unbiased genotypic variance explained enabled to draw realistic prospects of MAS for frost tolerance. In this study, combined MAS was more efficient than classical phenotypic selection and was expected to be higher on larger populations at early generations. Moreover, favourable alleles inherited from the exotic line BPL 4628 could be introgressed to European winter-hardy beans for further improvement.     

Single-flowered vetch (Vicia articulata Hornem.): A relic crop in Italy

Single-flowered vetch (Vicia articulata Hornem.), a crop native of the Mediterranean area, is widespread mainly in south Europe, in west Asia and Australia for forage, green manure and human food. In Italy this crop was still cultivated in the 1950s but, later, no records concerning its cultivation were available. This strongly suggested to place V. articulata among the Italian crop species that disappeared in the 20th century. In the course of a collecting expedition in Sardinia, a relic population, mistaken for lentil, was found. This population has been characterised from a botanical, nutritional and cytological point of view. V. articulata appears to be lower in nutritional quality than lentil. However, within the framework of a sustainable agriculture, V. articulata could find interesting opportunities. In fact, its role in soil conservation and rescue of marginal areas could be interesting, as well as its potentialities as a source of useful genes in breeding programmes.     

空心莲子草水浸提液对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响

【目的】探讨空心莲子草水浸提液对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响,为研究空心莲子草的化感作用机制提供参考。【方法】用蒸馏水（CK）、0.025、0.050、0.075和0.1000 mg/mL空心莲子草地下部分及地上部分的水浸提液分别对蚕豆根尖进行处理,观察不同处理蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂的变化。【结果】与对照相比,随着空心莲子草水浸提液剂量的增加和作用时间的延长,其对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂的抑制作用不断加强;空心莲子草地上部分水浸提液的抑制作用较地下部分更强。在胁迫72 h后,0.100 mg/mL空心莲子草地上部分水浸提液对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂的抑制作用最强,有丝分裂指数仅1.14%。经空心莲子草水浸提液处理后,蚕豆根尖细胞细胞核出现异常,部分细胞出现微核,在0-48 h内,随着处理时间的延长,细胞微核率呈上升趋势;此外,蚕豆根尖细胞出现多种染色体畸变,如微核、染色体断片、滞后染色体、染色体桥等。【结论】空心莲子草水溶性化感物质对受体植物的遗传物质具有一定的遗传损伤效应。     

燕麦与箭薚豌豆不同混作模式对根际土壤微生物数量的影响

 本试验以燕麦与箭薚豌豆不同种植模式的根际土壤为对象,对其土壤微生物数量进行了初步研究。结果表明,根际土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在燕麦拔节孕穗期较低,开花期较高,随着生育进程的推进至成熟收获期数量呈逐渐减少的趋势。在不同生育期,间混作处理比单作燕麦显著提高了根际土壤细菌数量（P＜０．０５）。收获期土壤微生物以细菌占绝大多数,其中间作混播根际土壤细菌数量是单作燕麦的１．１倍左右,单作箭薚碗豆是单作燕麦根际土壤细菌数量的１．３倍;土壤微生物总数量以燕麦与箭薚豌豆间作（１∶２）和燕麦与箭薚豌豆混播（１∶２）处理较高,单作燕麦最少。说明间作混播种植方式能起到提高根际土壤微生物数量的作用。     

高寒牧区栽培毛苕子多次刈割生产性能研究

对毛苕子不同刈割时间与次数的生产性能进行了对对比,发现其生产能力有很大差别,试验证明,在高寒牧区栽培毛苕子,在整个生育期内刈割２次可获得最高产草量,一茬草与二葜最佳刈割期分别为初花期和结荚初期。     

甘肃箭筈豌豆种质资源评价

通过对甘肃42份箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativa）种质资源进行研究评价,以期为甘肃绿肥种植筛选优良的箭筈豌豆品种。结果表明,42份箭筈豌豆种质资源各性状指标存在明显差异,其中单株荚数和单株粒数是构成箭筈豌豆产量的主要要素。籽粒产量、鲜草产量、单株粒数和单株荚数4个指标可以反映箭筈豌豆性状的优劣。通过籽粒产量、鲜草产量、单株粒数和单株荚数4项指标进行聚类,可以分为4类,Ⅰ、Ⅱ类相对较好,共有7份材料,籽粒和鲜草产量分别在2 623.26～2 990.25和32 357.70～35 967.38 kghm-2,其中苏箭3号、陇箭1号和333/A属于早熟品种,麦类作物收获后的套复种、玉米(Zea mays)前期间作、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)绿肥间作、果树绿肥间作和单种绿肥5种利用模式均适宜;山西春箭碗和MB5/794属于中熟品种,则适宜与马铃薯间作、果树间作和单作;西牧820和波兰箭碗属于晚熟品种,则只适宜与果树间作和单作两种利用方式。     

甘南地区歪头菜生殖分配对生殖产量的影响

采用现存生殖分配(Standing Reproduction Allocation)的方法研究甘南地区歪头菜(Vicia unijuga)生物量生殖分配。结果表明,不同生长年限植株在整个生长季中,各构件生物量占总生物量的比例随着季节变化表现为营养分配比重不断减少,生殖分配比重不断增加,但营养生物量分配比例占绝对优势,而在蕾期和花期用于有性生殖的生物量(蕾、花生物量)分配比例仅在10%左右;多年生歪头菜种群幼龄时期植株生殖生物量分配仍然随着生长年限的增加而增加,但生殖产量的生物量分配却表现出2年龄5年龄4年龄;2年龄植株蕾－花生物量转换比例和花－荚生物量转换比例分别为1∶1.17和1∶1.36,5年龄植株的分别为1∶0.94和1∶1.31,说明2年龄植株比5年龄植株有较高的生殖利用率,而5年龄植株落花、落荚现象明显。以上结果揭示出,植株对有性繁殖的小比例投资以及生殖转换中产生的生殖损失可能是导致该地区歪头菜种群有性繁殖体种子产量低的重要原因,而影响这一原因的因素可能是生长季过程中的环境干扰和养分竞争等问题。