麦收前复种毛叶苕子技术模式的比较研究

[目的]对麦收前复种毛叶苕子技术模式进行比较研究。[方法]介绍了麦收前复种毛叶苕子技术模式。在经济效益方面,将该模式与单种1季小麦模式进行了比较;分析了该模式的社会、生态效益,并预测了其应用前景。[结果]与单种1季小麦模式相比,麦前复种毛叶苕子技术模式收益率增加94.6%;该模式提高了土壤肥力和农田经济效益,缓解了饲草料缺乏,具有广阔的应用前景。[结论]该研究为麦收前复种毛叶苕子技术模式的推广提供了理论依据。     

Interactive effects of biochar and micronutrients on faba bean growth,symbiotic performance,and soil properties

Leguminous crops are significantly involved in the global symbiotic biological N₂ Fixation (BNF), an eco‐friendly process in the agriculture system. Biochar is considered as a vital amendment in improving growth and quality of crops and soils. Few investigations have been conducted to determine the combination effect of biochar with microelements on growth of legumes and soil properties. This study was designed to study the effect of soybean straw‐derived biochar (SSDB) with or without microelements on soil microbial and chemical properties, growth, yield, and seed chemical composition of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Results revealed that dehydrogenase (DHA) and phosphatase (P‐ase) activities were markedly improved with the increase of SSDB rates under addition of microelements and their highest values were recorded after 90 d. Significant increases were noticed in nodulation activities, nodulation numbers (30.1–72.8), concentrations of N (1.62–1.93%), P (0.15–0.21%), and K (0.53–0.67%), and seed chemical constituents due to the addition of SSDB in the presence of microelements. Moreover, the combination of biochar with microelements caused significant changes in microbial counts. Overall, this investigation shows the potential and role of SSDB in enhancing the growth quality of faba bean seeds as well as an improvement of soil characteristics.     

磷钾肥配施3个箭筈豌豆牧草的产量与品质

为青藏高原高寒草地箭筈豌豆的高产优质栽培及推广应用提供参考,以2505、2556和2560箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa.L)牧草新品系为试验材料,采用田间试验研究不同磷钾肥配施对3个箭筈豌豆牧草新品系产量及品质的影响。结果表明:在150kg/hm~2磷肥和50kg/hm~2钾肥配施下,2505、2556和2560箭筈豌豆牧草的产量均最高,分别为7 352kg/hm~2、8 578kg/hm~2和8 574kg/hm~2,比对照分别增产28.49%、14.27%和39.96%。增施磷钾肥对3个箭筈豌豆牧草品系粗蛋白含量的影响较小,但对其可溶性糖和粗脂肪含量的影响均达显著(P0.05)水平。其中,2505品系的可溶性糖含量以不施钾肥和施磷肥225kg/hm~2处理最高,为10.56%;2556和2560品系均以不施磷肥和施钾肥100kg/hm~2处理最高,分别为10.48%和10.62%,且均与CK差异达显著(P0.05)水平。2505品系的粗蛋白含量以施磷肥225kg/hm~2和钾肥100kg/hm~2处理最高,为1.64%;2556和2560品系均以施磷肥150kg/hm~2和钾肥100kg/hm~2处理最高,分别为1.47%和1.57%,且均与CK差异达显著(P0.05)水平。综合考虑产量和品质,建议栽培3种箭筈豌豆牧草的磷肥施用量为150~225kg/hm~2,钾肥为50~100kg/hm~2。     

塑料袋浸滤液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核率的影响

为评价塑料袋渗滤液对植物细胞的遗传损伤,为塑料袋的安全使用提供参考。以优质青皮蚕豆(Vicia faba)为试验材料,采用蚕豆根尖细胞微核测定技术,研究不同温度条件下白色食品塑料袋、红色普通塑料袋的和快递包装袋3种塑料袋的浸滤液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核率的影响。结果表明:3种塑料袋在25℃、40℃和80℃温度条件下的浸滤液都不同程度地诱导蚕豆根尖细胞微核的产生,且其微核率随塑料袋浸滤液制备温度的升高而上升;常温条件下,白色和红色塑料袋浸滤液染毒的蚕豆微核率较小,随温度升高,3种塑料袋浸滤液对蚕豆微核率均会产生一定的遗传损伤。     

甜叶菊水浸液处理蚕豆根尖细胞的抗畸变效应

[目的]探究甜叶菊水浸液对蚕豆根尖细胞有无毒害或抗致畸作用,为甜叶菊作为饮品开发提供参考依据。[方法]利用微核检验技术,测试蚕豆根尖细胞染色体在N1甜-叶菊水浸液、CK＋-烟草水浸液、N2烟-草和茶混合水浸液以及N3烟-草、甜叶菊混合水浸液处理下的微核发生率。[结果]N1组的微核发生率与阴性对照差异不显著;N2组的微核抑制率达到81.09%;N3组的微核抑制率达到66.04%。[结论]甜叶菊水浸液对蚕豆根尖细胞无毒害;甜叶菊水浸液可明显降低烟毒所致的蚕豆根尖细胞微核发生率;甜叶菊水浸液对烟毒所致的蚕豆根尖细胞微核发生率抑制效果低于茶叶水浸液。     

卷烟烟气及绿茶对蚕豆根尖细胞微核的诱导作用

[目的]研究不同类型卷烟烟气水溶物对蚕豆（ViciafabaL.）根尖细胞微核的诱变作用,并在此基础上探讨了绿茶添加剂对卷烟烟气诱导微核的抑制作用。[方法]卷烟品牌分别为白沙、中南海和狮牌,类型分别为烤烟型、混合型和雪茄型。烟气水溶物的浓度分别为1/8母液、1/4母液和1/2母液,烟气茶溶物浓度为1/4母液。[结果]烟气水溶物能够引起蚕豆根尖细胞微核率发生明显变化,并在一定范围内随浓度增强而加强,其中,狮牌〉白沙〉中南海。相同浓度下,各类型卷烟烟气茶溶物引起的细胞微核率低于同种卷烟烟气水溶物。绿茶对狮牌卷烟微核诱导的抑制作用最明显,对白沙次之,对中南海卷烟最弱。[结论]该研究可为将绿茶用作添加物从而降低烟毒的可行性提供科学依据。     

生物复合种衣剂对4种牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探索2%戊唑醇生物复合种衣剂提高牧草发芽率和生长量的可行性,对‘超音速’紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa‘Supersonic’)、光叶紫花苕(Vicia villosa var. glabresens)、白三叶草(Trifolium repens)、‘特高’黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum‘Tetragold’)进行包衣。结果表明,上述牧草分别按1:40,1:60,1:70,1:90包衣促进萌发效果最好,且无霉变现象。前3种牧草与对照相比,苗长分别增加15.86%,10.26%,18.08%;地上部分鲜重分别增加15.66%,42.49%,97.26%。因此该种衣剂可按适宜包衣剂量对这4种种子进行处理。     

Growth,Root Characteristics,and Leaf Nutrients Accumulation of Four Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Cultivars Differing in Their Broomrape Tolerance and the Soil Properties in Relation to Salinity

The effects of salinity on four faba bean (Vicia faba L) cultivars [Giza 429, Giza 843, Misr 1 (Orobanche-tolerant), and Giza 3 (Orobanche-susceptible)] and soil properties were investigated in a pot experiment with addition of 0, 50, and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for 9 weeks. Salinity significantly decreased calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), potassium (K⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃ ^?), and sulfate (SO₄ ^2?) while significantly increasing sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl^?), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC; dS m^?1). Root length density (cm cm^?3), root mass density (mg cm^?3), total dry weight, and salt-tolerance indexes were significantly reduced as a result of application of salinity. The results presented support evidence on the positive relationship between Orobance tolerance and salt tolerance in the three cultivars (Giza 429, Giza 843, and Misr 1). This adaptation was mainly due to a high degree of accumulation of inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ and lesser quantities of Na⁺ and Cl^?, as well as greater K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios.     

The effect of starter fertilizers on cotton production in legume residues

Abstract

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to identify starter fertilizers which would enhance cotton seedling survival, growth, and yield in legume residues. Field studies were initiated in the fall of 1982 on a Norfolk sandy loam (Typic Paleudult) in the Upper Coastal Plain of Alabama. Winter annual legumes, crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were established as whole plots along with a winter fallow area. Split plot treatments consisted of O, N, P, K, NP, NK, and NPK starter fertilizers. The cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was planted with a conservation tillage planting unit with in‐row subsoilers. The starter fertilizers were applied deep (8 to 10 inches) in the subsoil track. Greenhouse studies were also conducted with soil from whole plot areas top dressed with corresponding legume tissue at a rate of .9 g tissue/500 g soil. Seedlings in the greenhouse were rated for disease and emergence, and dry weights were recorded.

Cotton populations in field studies were lower in legume mulched than fallow soils in 1984. Application of starter fertilizers generally increased harvest populations, particularly the NK combination. In 1983, cotton growth was greater in vetch than other soils, but responses to starter fertilizers varied with analyses and years. Seed cotton yields were consistently high with P starter, although P did not always improve cotton stands and growth. When averaged across years and cover crops, yields were 3151, 3031, 2865, 2790, 2753, 2741, 2512, and 2364 for P, NP, P, NP, K, NPK, N and O, starter treatments respectively.

Greenhouse studies indicated that starter fertilizer improved cotton emergence in legume soils, but decreased emergence in fallow soils. Disease ratings of emerged seedlings were more severe when starter fertilizer was used than when it was not used. Thus, starter fertilizer increased emergence and survival, despite high disease ratings. Cotton seedling growth generally increased when poor emergence reduced cotton seedling competition.