Stomatal and Non-stomatal Effects of Salinity on Photosynthesis in Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)

The effect of salinity (40 and 80 meq/1 NaCl) on stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, ultrastructural damage and photosynthetic performance of six cultivars of faba beans ( Vicia faba L.) from different agroclimatic regions were investigated. Low levels of salinity (40 meq/1 NaCl) increased chlorophyll content in some cultivars but did not lead to simultaneous increase in photosynthesis (P). Increased salinity levels (80 meq/1 NaCl) decreased chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance. Ultrastructural damage was observed in sensitive cultivars even at low salinity levels. Based on the parameters investigated, there was no concrete evidence to suggest that the physiological processes of cultivars from arid and semi-arid regions are less affected under saline conditions as compared to cultivars from temperate regions. The results suggested increased salinity affects P not only due to its effect on stomatal closure but also due to other non-stomatal effects like ultrastructural damage and decrease in chlorophyll content below a threshold level.     

Effects of Soil Drought in the Generative Phase of Development of Field Bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) on Leaf Water Status, Photosynthesis Rate and Biomass Growth

The effects of 10-day periods of soil drought during flowering (DI) or pod growth (DII) and during both these phases (DI + DII) on leaf water status, photosynthesis rate, plant growth and production of biomass was studied in pot experiments with field bean. Soil water content during drought spells were kept at 30% of field water capacity. Soil water deficiency DI and DII depressed the leaf water potential relatively to control by about 100 % and 140 % respectively, increased the water deficit by 100 % and 120 % and reduced photosynthesis rate by 80 % and 90 %. Rehydration of tissues completely abolished any decline of photosynthesis rate caused by drought DI, but after drought DII photosynthesis rate remained depressed by about 30 % even after rehydration. Drought periods DI and DII caused more rapid withering of leaves, a decline in the total leaf area and a temporary increase of root weight.
Drought occuring at flowering (DI) also activated the mechanism of plant adaptation to water deficiency during the pod formation phase (DII). Single or double periods of drought had not any significant influence on the number of pods and seeds, but decreased their weight.     

The Influence of Day Length on Plant and Nodule Development of Fababeans (Vicia faba L.) and Grasspeas (Lathyrus sativus L.)

The valuation of the influence of different day length (DL) on plant and especially nodule development of fababeans ( Vicia faba L.) and grasspeas ( Lathyrus sativus L.) was the aim of these experiments. For that, experiments in growth chambers (Exp. 1) with DL of 10, 13, 16 and 19 hours and an experiment in vegetation boxes (Exp. 2) with DL of 7, 10, 13 hours and natural DL as control (CON) were conducted. The development of plants was studied by 6 and 7 harvests (HA) respectively beginning at 27 and 31 days after emergence (DAE) respectively, as well as consecutive determinations of leaf area, dry matter (DM) of the different plant organs and nodule number.
Total- and pod-DM of both species increased with higher DL (19 h, CON). Nodule-DM was positive influenced by longer assimilation duration and bigger leaf areas of the higher DL treatments. With onset of pod ripening, which occurred early under higher DL, lower nodule-DM was determined due to the beginning of nodule senescence. Under 19 h DL the fababeans established highest nodule-DM, 1,100 mg/plant, whereas the grasspea 410 mg only. Nodules under shorter DL (7 h, 10 h) showed less intensive red tissue and less nodules > 6 mm diameter. The grasspea established more bigger nodules than the fababeans. Total nodule number was not unequivocal affected by DL, however, it increased with the course of vegetation. Senescence of nodules was most evident at time of highest growth rates of the pod-DM.     

甜叶菊水浸液处理蚕豆根尖细胞的抗畸变效应

[目的]探究甜叶菊水浸液对蚕豆根尖细胞有无毒害或抗致畸作用,为甜叶菊作为饮品开发提供参考依据。[方法]利用微核检验技术,测试蚕豆根尖细胞染色体在N1甜-叶菊水浸液、CK＋-烟草水浸液、N2烟-草和茶混合水浸液以及N3烟-草、甜叶菊混合水浸液处理下的微核发生率。[结果]N1组的微核发生率与阴性对照差异不显著;N2组的微核抑制率达到81.09%;N3组的微核抑制率达到66.04%。[结论]甜叶菊水浸液对蚕豆根尖细胞无毒害;甜叶菊水浸液可明显降低烟毒所致的蚕豆根尖细胞微核发生率;甜叶菊水浸液对烟毒所致的蚕豆根尖细胞微核发生率抑制效果低于茶叶水浸液。     

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术对新疆伊犁河水质检测

[目的]研究新疆伊犁河水域的不同位点的水质污染程度。[方法]利用蚕豆根尖微核技术对新疆伊犁河水域的30个水样进行动态监测和评价。[结果]各样点MCN％砑,对照组相比差异极显著（P〈0．01）,30个水样点中有12个水样点无污染（P,值在0～1．5）;10个水样点轻度污染（P,值在1.5～2．0）;8个水样点中度以上污染（H值2．0以上）。[结论]新疆伊犁河水质受到不同程度的污染,部分区域中度以上污染,应及时加以治理。     

甲醛胁迫下蚕豆保卫细胞中过氧化氢的积累及其对气孔导度和开度的影响

以蚕豆为试材,对甲醛(HCHO)处理0、24、48、72 h的蚕豆叶片进行气孔开度、导度、细胞内H2O2含量和抗氧化酶活性的测定,并用荧光显微检测法进行了H2O2的亚细胞定位检测。结果表明:气体HCHO处理的72 h内,由于蚕豆叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性从284.52 U·min-1·g-1 FW升至291.44 U·min-1·g-1 FW,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性先升高后降低,导致蚕豆叶片中H2O2含量从1.31μmol·g-1 FW升至2.39μmol·g-1 FW;较短时间(24~48 h)的HCHO处理下蚕豆叶片H2O2主要分布在保卫细胞的胞质中,72 h后不仅保卫细胞的胞质中H2O2积累增多,积累H2O2的叶绿体数量也增多;HCHO持续处理72 h内蚕豆叶片气孔开度和导度分别下降46.50%和78.80%,涂抹抗坏血酸(ASA)的实验证实,H2O2对蚕豆叶片气孔开度和导度的调节起到关键作用。研究认为,0.46~0.72 mg·m-3的HCHO胁迫致使蚕豆叶片中积累的H2O2定位于保卫细胞,是蚕豆叶片气孔开度减小和导度降低的主要原因。     

空心莲子草水浸提液对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响

【目的】探讨空心莲子草水浸提液对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响,为研究空心莲子草的化感作用机制提供参考。【方法】用蒸馏水（CK）、0.025、0.050、0.075和0.1000 mg/mL空心莲子草地下部分及地上部分的水浸提液分别对蚕豆根尖进行处理,观察不同处理蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂的变化。【结果】与对照相比,随着空心莲子草水浸提液剂量的增加和作用时间的延长,其对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂的抑制作用不断加强;空心莲子草地上部分水浸提液的抑制作用较地下部分更强。在胁迫72 h后,0.100 mg/mL空心莲子草地上部分水浸提液对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂的抑制作用最强,有丝分裂指数仅1.14%。经空心莲子草水浸提液处理后,蚕豆根尖细胞细胞核出现异常,部分细胞出现微核,在0-48 h内,随着处理时间的延长,细胞微核率呈上升趋势;此外,蚕豆根尖细胞出现多种染色体畸变,如微核、染色体断片、滞后染色体、染色体桥等。【结论】空心莲子草水溶性化感物质对受体植物的遗传物质具有一定的遗传损伤效应。     

红光对蚕豆叶片气孔开度及生理作用的影响

将蚕豆浸泡萌发后的幼苗培养在相同土壤肥力、相同体积的花盆中,再分别放在相同辐照度的红光和自然光下,1周后开始陆续测量红光、自然光下气孔开度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素总含量及Ch1a/b的比值、叶片的光合速率、干物质含量、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果表明:红光下叶绿素总含量高,光合速率大,干物质含量高,POD、SOD酶活性大于自然光下处理;而蒸腾速率和气孔开度小于自然光下处理。     

磷钾肥配施3个箭筈豌豆牧草的产量与品质

为青藏高原高寒草地箭筈豌豆的高产优质栽培及推广应用提供参考,以2505、2556和2560箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa.L)牧草新品系为试验材料,采用田间试验研究不同磷钾肥配施对3个箭筈豌豆牧草新品系产量及品质的影响。结果表明:在150kg/hm~2磷肥和50kg/hm~2钾肥配施下,2505、2556和2560箭筈豌豆牧草的产量均最高,分别为7 352kg/hm~2、8 578kg/hm~2和8 574kg/hm~2,比对照分别增产28.49%、14.27%和39.96%。增施磷钾肥对3个箭筈豌豆牧草品系粗蛋白含量的影响较小,但对其可溶性糖和粗脂肪含量的影响均达显著(P0.05)水平。其中,2505品系的可溶性糖含量以不施钾肥和施磷肥225kg/hm~2处理最高,为10.56%;2556和2560品系均以不施磷肥和施钾肥100kg/hm~2处理最高,分别为10.48%和10.62%,且均与CK差异达显著(P0.05)水平。2505品系的粗蛋白含量以施磷肥225kg/hm~2和钾肥100kg/hm~2处理最高,为1.64%;2556和2560品系均以施磷肥150kg/hm~2和钾肥100kg/hm~2处理最高,分别为1.47%和1.57%,且均与CK差异达显著(P0.05)水平。综合考虑产量和品质,建议栽培3种箭筈豌豆牧草的磷肥施用量为150~225kg/hm~2,钾肥为50~100kg/hm~2。