箭筈豌豆AGAMOUS同源基因及其启动子的克隆和分析

AGAMOUS(AG)是参与植物雌蕊和雄蕊发育调控的最重要花器官同源基因之一。通过TAIL-PCR、RACE和RT-PCR技术相结合,获得了箭筈豌豆花器官同源基因VsAG(VsAGAMOUS)及其上游调控序列。该基因DNA序列总长3 158 bp,CDS区域735 bp,编码含有244个氨基酸残基的蛋白产物。序列在氨基酸水平上与近缘植物豌豆PsAG基因序列一致性达98%,与拟南芥AtAG基因一致性为68%。将该基因在GenBank上注册,登录号为JF313850。生物信息学分析表明,VsAG基因第2内含子区域含有丰富的转录调控元件,在种类和功能分化上与基因上游调控序列表现出相似特征。这一结果暗示了第2内含子对豆科植物AG基因表达调控的重要作用,并为通过基因工程方法创造箭筈豌豆优良育种材料奠定了基础。     

氮肥和种植密度对蚕豆结瘤和生长的影响

在胶泥土和沙壤土两种土壤条件下,研究了5种氮肥用量和3种种植密度对蚕豆结瘤和生长的影响。结果表明:蚕豆在不同土壤条件下结瘤能力差异较大,在氮肥施用量低于240kg/hm²的情况下,适当提高氮肥施用量有助于提高蚕豆的结瘤能力。蚕豆的行距从25cm增加到50cm,降低了种植在胶泥土上蚕豆的结瘤能力,却提高了种植在沙壤土上蚕豆的结瘤能力。同样,适量提高氮肥的施用量,蚕豆的生物量、有效荚数、子粒产量和株高均得到提高。增加蚕豆的行距,促进蚕豆的生物量、有效荚数、子粒产量,降低了蚕豆的株高。     

Effect of hardening on frost tolerance and fatty acid composition of leaves and stems of a set of faba bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.) genotypes

Frost tolerance is a main component of winter-hardiness and improving it would promote faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cropping in cool-temperate regions. In many species, leaf fatty acid composition was found to be related to frost tolerance. The objective of this study was to determine, in a representative sample of genotypes, the effect of hardening on leaf and stem (1) frost tolerance and (2) fatty acid composition, and to seek correlations between them. First leaf, second leaf and stem of 31 faba bean genotypes were analyzed after hardening and without hardening. High frost tolerance of known winter genotypes and several experimental lines was shown. Hardening had a significant, positive effect on frost tolerance of all three organs. Stems were on average more frost tolerant than leaves. Hardening induced significant changes in the fatty acid composition: oleic acid decreased significantly in leaves by 3.24% and in stems by 1.77%, whereas linolenic acid increased in leaves by 6.28% and in stems by 9.06%. In stems, correlations between frost tolerance and fatty acid composition were not significant. Correlation coefficients strongly indicated that non-hardened oleic acid content, changes in oleic acid and in linoleic plus linolenic acid content in leaves partly explained their frost tolerance; 0.347 (P < 0.1) < |r| < 0.543 (P < 0.01). The results corroborate the importance of using genetic differences in the fatty acid metabolism in breeding grain legumes for frost tolerance.     

Growth Analysis, Herbage and Seed Yield of Certain Forage Legume Species Under Rainfed Conditions

The need to increase forage production for the growing livestock population in the Mediterranean region necessitates the evaluation of various promising forage species with respect to maximum herbage yield, optimum time for harvest and seed yield. Seven forage legumes, woolly pod vetch ( Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa accession 683), narbon vetch (V. narbonensis accession 67), common vetch ( V. sativa selections 2541, 2037, 2020), common chickling ( Lathyrus sativus selection 439) and ochrus chickling ( L. ochrus selection 104) were compared over two years with contrasting rainfall. In both years the entries were sown in November and their primary growths sampled periodically during growth. For each sample, phenology, total dry matter, leaf area index (LAI) and, at maturity, total dry matter, seed yield and harvest index, were recorded.
In both seasons, narbon vetch attained the highest dry matter and seed yields, and there was very limited variability in the maximum dry matter yield of the other entries. In general, the maximum dry matter occurred at 20–50 % podding in woolly pod vetch, 100 % podding in common vetch selection 2541 (local), narbon vetch and common chickling and at maturity in common vetch selection 2037, selection 2020 and ochrus chickling.
Throughout the vegetative to early flowering stages, woolly pod vetch had the highest dry matter yield and LAI. Possible uses of each species as animal feed are discussed.     

Heterosis and Genetic Variances and their Implications for Breeding Improved Varieties of Spring Beans (Vicia faba L.)*

Handcrosses were made in a factorial manner with 24 Vicia faba inbred lines m three sets, each between four male and four female parents. The resulting 48 hybrids, their parental inbreds and three commercial varieties were grown in performance trials during the years 1985—87 with three replications at one location. Yield and yield components were recorded on single plant basis. The average superiority of the hybrids above the control varieties was 26 % in plant yield. The best crosses outyielded the controls by more than 50 %. However, a few inbred lines also reached, the yield level of the controls. The average heterosis was significant for all characters except for maturity date. In plant yield the average heterosis was 75%, ranging between 34% and 148% in the various cross combinations. The highest average heterosis of 110 % was observed in yield at the lateral stems. In all characters the best inbreds were superior to the lower hybrids and in some characters even equal to the average of the hybrids. A strong positive relationship was found for all characters between hybrid performance and mid-parent value and between the per se performance of the inbreds and their general combining ability. Genotypic differences between the hybrids as well as between the inbreds were highly significant. Most of the variability between the hybrids in all characters were attributed to general combining, ability with only little evidence for specific combining ability. In the discussion the results are evaluated according to the choice of the breeding category of the partial allogamous faba bean species.     

蚕豆种皮的发育生物学 Ⅰ.种皮干物质和单宁的动态变化

研究了6个种皮单宁含量不同的蚕豆品种,发现高、低单宁品种间,在籽粒发育过程中种皮干物质和单宁含量的变化有明显的差异。这个发育过程可分为合成期和分解期。依据品种在单宁合成期和分解期变化的差异,可将蚕豆品种分为四种类型,其中种皮单宁缓慢合成快速分解型是低单宁品种。发育过程中,种皮单宁含量与种皮干物质量呈显著正相关。     

温度和水分对箭筈豌豆幼苗生长的影响

试验研究了温度和土壤水分交互效应对兰箭2号箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa ‘lanjian No.2’)幼苗生长的影响,确定了其苗期适宜生长温度和需水状况。设定5个土壤含水量(90% FMC、80% FMC、70% FMC、60% FMC、50% FMC,FMC为田间最大持水量),4个生长温度(10、15、20、25 ℃),共20个处理。结果表明,箭筈豌豆在苗期受温度和水分影响作用显著, 80% FMC和90% FMC水分条件均不利于箭筈豌豆幼苗生长,与70% FMC相比,80% FMC和90% FMC时,在10、15、20和25 ℃条件下,箭筈豌豆出苗率和总生物量干质量均显著下降(P0.05)。70% FMC水分条件和20 ℃时箭筈豌豆幼苗生长发育最好,其出苗率最高(96.87%),总生物量干质量最大(3.083 3 g),与其他各处理间差异显著(P0.05)。因此,幼苗出土后,土壤含水量保持在50% FMC～70% FMC,外界环境温度控制在15～20 ℃,对箭筈豌豆幼苗生长最有利。     

燕麦与箭薚豌豆不同混作模式对根际土壤微生物数量的影响

 本试验以燕麦与箭薚豌豆不同种植模式的根际土壤为对象,对其土壤微生物数量进行了初步研究。结果表明,根际土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在燕麦拔节孕穗期较低,开花期较高,随着生育进程的推进至成熟收获期数量呈逐渐减少的趋势。在不同生育期,间混作处理比单作燕麦显著提高了根际土壤细菌数量（P＜０．０５）。收获期土壤微生物以细菌占绝大多数,其中间作混播根际土壤细菌数量是单作燕麦的１．１倍左右,单作箭薚碗豆是单作燕麦根际土壤细菌数量的１．３倍;土壤微生物总数量以燕麦与箭薚豌豆间作（１∶２）和燕麦与箭薚豌豆混播（１∶２）处理较高,单作燕麦最少。说明间作混播种植方式能起到提高根际土壤微生物数量的作用。     

Effect of Seeding Rate on Seed and Hay Yield in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

The effects of six seeding rates (50-300 seeds m^−2:) on some morphological traits with hay and seed yield were evaluated in common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) under fall and spring sowing conditions. The mutual correlations among yield and yield components were also determined.
The sowing seasons and seeding rates significantly affected hay and seed yield, and most of the yield components. Fall sowings resulted in significantly higher hay and seed yield than spring sowings at all seeding rates, and the highest seed and hay yield was achieved in densities of 250 and 300 seeds m⁻². In spring sowings there was a positive response in hay yield up to 250 seeds m⁻² while no further increase in seed yield at the seeding rates higher than 150 seeds m⁻². Average protein content of hay and seed was found to be higher in spring sown crops than fall. The highest protein yields of hay and seed were obtained at 250 seeds m⁻² in fall sowings, and 150 seeds m⁻² in spring sowings.
Most of the correlations between both hay and seed yields with the yield components were not consistent and differed with the sowing time. Only the correlations between number of the plants per unit area with hay yield, and number of the pods and seeds per unit area with seed yield were statistically significant in both sowing seasons. Close positive associations were obtained between hay and seed yield.     

Effects of Row Spacing, Support Plant Species and Support Plant Mixture Ratio on Seed Yield and Yield Characteristics of Hungarian Vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz)

The effects of row spacing (17.5 or 35.0 cm), support plant species (barley or triticale) and the proportion of crops in mixtures (no support plant or support plant 20, 40 or 60 %, respectively) on the seed yield and yield characteristics of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) were investigated. Increasing the row spacing increased the seed yield of V. pannonica from 881.0 to 1248.0 kg ha^?1. On average, in a pure stand the seed yield of V. pannonica was 1141.0 kg ha^?1. In mixtures with barley and triticale, the seed yield of V. pannonica averaged 986.0 and 1143.0 kg ha^?1, respectively. In single mixed stands the seed yield of V. pannonica varied between 551.0 kg ha^?1 (60 % support plant barley) and 1603.0 kg ha^?1 (20 % support plant triticale). The yield advantage of V. pannonica in this triticale mixture was 40 % compared to the V. pannonica pure stand. With respect to the total yield in the mixture with 20 % triticale (1902.0 kg ha^?1) the yield advantage over the V. pannonica pure stand was as high as 65.1 %. In the mixed stands the number of seeds per pod and the thousand‐seed weight of V. pannonica were higher than in V. pannonica pure stands.